Jose Rizal Essay

It is common knowledge that Dr. Jose Rizal is the Philippine National Hero who chose to fight the battle with his quills, paved the way for our independence and died doing so. However, it has always been fascinating to learn things that weren’t discussed on classrooms and lectures, to divulge facts that make a famous character seem like just the rest of us. So here are 10 fun facts that most Filipinos might not know about Rizal. 1.Jose â€Å"Pepe† Rizal was bullied as a kid. As a kid. Rizal was too small for his age and made him a target of Pedro’s bullying, insulting Pepe in front of the other students at the school of Maestro Justiniano Cruz. Equipped with his Uncle Miguel’s teachings about the art of wrestling, Rizal challenged Pedro to a fistfight. Rizal won and became popular as he proved himself a worthy opponent. 2.Jose Rizal wrote his first poem at the age of 8. Entitled â€Å"Sa Aking Mga Kababata† [To My Fellow Youth]. And it depicts one’s fervent love for his native language and asking his own generation to embrace it like we all should. 3.Rizal was a Hyperpolyglot. He mastered 22 languages: Filipino, Ilokano, Bisayan, Subanon, Latin, Spanish, Greek, English, French, German, Arabic, Malay, Sanskrit, Hebrew, Dutch, Catalan, Japanese, Italian, Chinese, Portugese, Swedish and Russian. 4.Rizal was addressed by his European lover as the â€Å"little bad boy†. It is not a secret that Jose Rizal had his way with women. And on the series of letters that were discovered to be love messages for Rizal, a Belgian woman named Suzanne wrote : â€Å"There will never be any home in which you are so loved as that in Brussels. So, you little bad boy, hurry back.† Now, who can resist giggling on this information? 5.He was accepted as one of the few Renaissance man in the world. A man who had broad intellectual interest. He was an anthropologist, ethnologist, ophthalmologist, novelist, sociologist, educator, economist, architect, engineer, sculptor, painter, playwright, historian, journalist, farmer, dramatist, martial artist, and a cartographer, among other things. 6.Rizal liked playing the lottery. And he won one-third of the grand prize of Php 18,000.00 with ticket number 9736. He gave a portion to his father, a friend in Hong Kong and he spent the rest buying agricultural lands in Talisay. 7.Rizal jovially pinched his students who can’t answer his queries. During his exile in Dapitan, he was able to establish a school, he had 21 pupils who were never asked to pay for tuition but was required by Rizal to work for the community. 8.Rizal is believed to be the reincarnation of Jesus Christ. There is a religious sect in Calamba Laguna, â€Å"Rizalista†, used to be known as â€Å"Iglesia ng Watawat ng Lahi† [Banner of the Race Church]. They combine religion and patriotism and believe that the execution in Bagumbayan was just a phase that he had to endure to be in the presence of God. They also believe that Rizal is still alive and lives deep in the forest of Mount Makiling. 9.Rizal was rumored to be the father of Adolf Hitler. Because of his famed reputation as a Casanova, it was believed that he was involved with a beautiful woman living somewhere in the border of Germany and Austria. Funny how Filipino imagination wanders. 10.Moments before his death, Rizal was reported to remain in a tranquil state. Before his execution, Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo took his vital signs and was surprised to confirm that his pulse rate was normal. Rizal was indeed ready and unafraid of his fate.

Bag of Bones CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO

I was finally able to get into the zone, but couldn't do anything once I got there. I keep a steno pad handy for notes character lists, page references, date chronologies and I doodled in there a little bit, but the sheet of paper in the IBM remained blank. There was no thundering heartbeat, no throbbing eyes or difficulty breathing no panic attack, in other words but there was no story, either. Andy Drake, John Shackleford, Ray Garraty, the beautiful Regina Whiting . . . they stood with their backs turned, refusing to speak or move. The manuscript was sitting in its accustomed place on the left side of the typewriter, the pages held down with a pretty chunk of quartz I'd found on the lane, but nothing was happening. Zilch. I recognized an irony here, perhaps even a moral. For years I had fled the problems of the real world, escaping into various Narnias of my imagination. Now the real world had filled up with bewildering thickets, there were things with teeth in some of them, and the wardrobe was locked against me. Kyra, I had printed, putting her name inside a scalloped shape that was supposed to be a cabbage rose. Below it I had drawn a piece of bread with a beret tipped rakishly on the top crust. Noonan's conception of French toast. The letters L.B. surrounded with curlicues. A shirt with a rudimentary duck on it. Beside this I had printed QUACK QUACK. Below QUACK QUACK I had written Ought to fly away ‘Bon Voyage.' At another spot on the sheet I had written Dean, Auster, and Devore. They were the ones who had seemed the most there, the most dangerous. Because they had descendants? But surely all seven of those jacks must, mustn't they? In those days most families were whoppers. And where had I been? I had asked, but Devore hadn't wanted to say. It didn't feel any more like a dream at nine-thirty on a sullenly hot Sunday morning. Which left exactly what? Visions? Time-travel? And if there was a purpose to such travel, what was it? What was the message, and who was trying to send it? I remembered clearly what I'd said just before passing from the dream in which I had sleepwalked out to Jo's studio and brought back my typewriter: I don't believe these lies. Nor would I now. Until I could see at least some of the truth, it might be safer to believe nothing at all. At the top of the sheet upon which I was doodling, in heavily stroked letters, I printed the word DANGER!, then circled it. From the circle I drew an arrow to Kyra's name. From her name I drew an arrow to Ought to fly away ‘Bon Voyage' and added MATTIE. Below the bread wearing the beret I drew a little telephone. Above it I put a cartoon balloon with R-R-RINGG! in it. As I finished this, the cordless phone rang. It was sitting on the deck rail. I circled MATTIE and picked up the phone. ‘Mike?' She sounded excited. Happy. Relieved. ‘Yeah,' I said. ‘How are you?' ‘Great!' she said, and I circled L.B. on my pad. ‘Lindy Briggs called ten minutes ago I just got off the phone with her. Mike, she's giving me my job back! Isn't that wonderful?' Sure. And wonderful how it would keep her in town. I crossed out Ought to fly away ‘Bon Voyage,' knowing that Mattie wouldn't go. Not now. And how could I ask her to? I thought again If only I knew a little more . . . ‘Mike? Are you ‘ ‘It's very wonderful,' I said. In my mind's eye I could see her standing in the kitchen, drawing the kinked telephone cord through her fingers, her legs long and coltish below her denim shorts. I could see the shirt she was wearing, a white tee with a yellow duck paddling across the front. ‘I hope Lindy had the good grace to sound ashamed of herself.' I circled the tee-shirt I'd drawn. ‘She did. And she was frank enough to kind of . . . well, disarm me. She said the Whitmore woman talked to her early last week. Was very frank and to the point, Lindy said. I was to be let go immediately. If that happened, the money, computer equipment, and software Devore funnelled into the library would keep coming. If it didn't, the flow of goods and money would stop immediately. She said she had to balance the good of the community against what she knew was wrong . . . she said it was one of the toughest decisions she ever had to make . . . ‘ ‘Uh-huh.' On the pad my hand moved of its own volition like a planchette gliding over a Ouija board, printing the words PLEASE CAN'T I PLEASE. ‘There's probably some truth in it, but Mattie . . . how much do you suppose Lindy makes?' ‘I don't know.' ‘I bet it's more than any three other small-town librarians in the state of Maine combined.' In the background I heard Ki: ‘Can I talk, Mattie? Can I talk to Mike? Please can't I please?' ‘In a minute, hon.' Then, to me: ‘Maybe. All I know is that I have my job back, and I'm willing to let bygones be bygones.' On the page, I drew a book. Then I drew a series of interlocked circles between it and the duck tee-shirt. ‘Ki wants to talk to you,' Mattie said, laughing. ‘She says the two of you went to the Fryeburg Fair last night.' ‘Whoa, you mean I had a date with a pretty girl and slept through it?' ‘Seems that way. Are you ready for her?' ‘Ready.' ‘Okay, here comes the chatterbox.' There was a rustling as the phone changed hands, then Ki was there. ‘I taggled you at the Fair, Mike! I taggled my own quartermack!' ‘Did you?' I asked ‘That was quite a dream, wasn't it, Ki?' There was a long silence at the other end. I could imagine Mattie wondering what had happened to her telephone chatterbox. At last Ki said in a hesitating voice: ‘You there too.' Tiu. ‘We saw the snake-dance ladies . . . the pole with the bell on top . . . we went in the spookyhouse . . . you fell down in the barrel! It wasn't a dream . . . was it?' I could have convinced her that it was, but all at once that seemed like a bad idea, one that was dangerous in its own way. I said: ‘You had on a pretty hat and a pretty dress.' ‘Yeah!' Ki sounded enormously relieved. ‘And you had on ‘ ‘Kyra, stop. Listen to me.' She stopped at once. ‘It's better if you don't talk about that dream too much, I think. To your mom or to anyone except me.' ‘Except you.' ‘Yes. And the same with the refrigerator people. Okay?' ‘Okay. Mike, there was a lady in Mattie's clothes.' ‘I know,' I said. It was all right for her to talk, I was sure of it, but I asked anyway: ‘Where's Mattie now?' ‘Waterin the flowers. We got lots of flowers, a billion at least. I have to clean up the table. It's a chore. I don't mind, though. I like chores. We had French toast. We always do on Sundays. It's yummy, ‘specially with strawberry syrup.' ‘I know,' I said, drawing an arrow to the piece of bread wearing the beret. ‘French toast is great. Ki, did you tell your mom about the lady in her dress?' ‘No. I thought it might scare her.' She dropped her voice. ‘Here she comes!' ‘That's all right . . . but we've got a secret, right?' ‘Yes.' ‘Now can I talk to Mattie again?' ‘Okay.' Her voice moved off a little. ‘Mommy-bommy, Mike wants to talk to you.' Then she came back. ‘Will you bizzit us today? We could go on another picnic.' ‘I can't today, Ki. I have to work.' ‘Mattie never works on Sunday.' ‘Well, when I'm writing a book, I write every day. I have to, or else I'll forget the story. Maybe we'll have a picnic on Tuesday, though. A barbecue picnic at your house.' ‘Is it long 'til Tuesday?' ‘Not too long. Day after tomorrow.' ‘Is it long to write a book?' ‘Medium-long.' I could hear Mattie telling Ki to give her the phone. ‘I will, just one more second. Mike?' ‘I'm here, Ki.' ‘I love you.' I was both touched and terrified. For a moment I was sure my throat was going to lock up the way my chest used to when I tried to write. Then it cleared and I said, ‘Love you, too, Ki.' ‘Here's Mattie.' Again there was the rustly sound of the telephone changing hands, then Mattie said: ‘Did that refresh your recollection of your date with my daughter, sir?' ‘Well,' I said, ‘it certainly refreshed hers.' There was a link between Mattie and me, but it didn't extend to this I was sure of it. She was laughing. I loved the way she sounded this morning and I didn't want to bring her down . . . but I didn't want her mistaking the white line in the middle of the road for the crossmock, either. ‘Mattie, you still need to be careful, okay? Just because Lindy Briggs offered you your old job back doesn't mean everyone in town is suddenly your friend.' ‘I understand that,' she said. I thought again about asking if she'd consider taking Ki up to Derry for awhile they could live in my house, stay for the duration of the summer if that was what it took for things to return to normal down here. Except she wouldn't do it. When it came to accepting my offer of high-priced New York legal talent, she'd had no choice. About this she did. Or thought she did, and how could I change her mind? I had no logic, no connected facts; all I had was a vague dark shape, like something lying beneath nine inches of snowblind ice. ‘I want you to be careful of two men in particular,' I said. ‘One is Bill Dean. The other is Kenny Auster. He's the one ‘ ‘ with the big dog who wears the neckerchief. He ‘ ‘That's Booberry!' Ki called from the middle distance. ‘Booberry licked my facie!' ‘Go out and play, hon,' Mattie said. ‘I'm clearun the table.' ‘You can finish later. Go on outside now.' There was a pause as she watched Ki go out the door, taking Strickland with her. Although the kid had left the trailer, Mattie still spoke in the lowered tone of someone who doesn't want to be overheard. ‘Are you trying to scare me?' ‘No,' I said, drawing repeated circles around the word DANGER. ‘But I want you to be careful. Bill and Kenny may have been on Devore's team, like Footman and Osgood. Don't ask me why I think that might be, because I have no satisfactory answer. It's only a feeling, but since I got back on the TR, my feelings are different.' ‘What do you mean?' ‘Are you wearing a tee-shirt with a duck on it?' ‘How do you know that? Did Ki tell you?' ‘Did she take the little stuffed dog from her Happy Meal out with her just now?' A long pause. At last she said ‘My God' in a voice so Low I could hardly hear it. Then again: ‘How ‘ ‘I don't know how. I don't know if you're still in a . . . a bad situation, either, or why you might be, but I feel that you are. That you both are.' I could have said more, but I was afraid she'd think I'd gone entirely off the rails. ‘He's dead!' she burst out. ‘That old man is dead! Why can't he leave us alone?' ‘Maybe he has. Maybe I'm wrong about all this. But there's no harm in being careful, is there?' ‘No,' she said. ‘Usually that's true.' ‘Usually?' ‘Why don't you come and see me, Mike? Maybe we could go to the Fair together.' ‘Maybe this fall we will. All three of us.' ‘I'd like that.' ‘In the meantime, I'm thinking about the key.' ‘Thinking is half your problem, Mike,' she said, and laughed again. Ruefully, I thought. And I saw what she meant. What she didn't seem to understand was that feeling was the other half. It's a sling, and in the end I think it rocks most of us to death. I worked for a while,' then carried the IBM back into the house and left the manuscript on top. I was done with it, at least for the time being. No more looking for the way back through the wardrobe; no more Andy Drake and John Shackleford until this was over. And, as I dressed in long pants and a button-up shirt for the first time in what felt like weeks, it occurred to me that perhaps something some force had been trying to sedate me with the story I was telling. With the ability to work again. It made sense; work had always been my drug of choice, even better than booze or the Mellaril I still kept in the bathroom medicine cabinet. Or maybe work was only the delivery system, the hypo with all the dreamy dreams inside it. Maybe the real drug was the zone. Being in the zone. Feeling it, you sometimes hear the basketball players say. I was in the zone and I was really feeling it. I grabbed the keys to the Chevrolet off the counter and looked at the fridge as I did. The magnets were circled again. In the middle was a message I'd seen before, one that was now instantly understandable, thanks to the extra Magnabet letters: help her ‘I'm doing my best,' I said, and went out. Three miles north on Route 68 by then you're on the part of it which used to be known as Castle Rock Road-there's a greenhouse with a shop in front of it. Slips ‘n Greens, it's called, and Jo used to spend a fair amount of time there, buying gardening supplies or just noodling with the two women who ran the place. One of them was Helen Auster, Kenny's wife. I pulled in there at around ten o'clock that Sunday morning (it was open, of course; during tourist season almost every Maine shopkeeper turns heathen) and parked next to a Beamer with New York plates. I paused long enough to hear the weather forecast on the radio continued hot and humid for another forty-eight hours at least and then got out. A woman wearing a bathing suit, a skort, and a giant yellow sunhat emerged from the shop with a bag of peat moss cradled in her arms. She gave me a little smile. I returned it with eighteen per cent interest. She was from New York, and that meant she wasn't a Martian. The shop was even hotter and' damper than the white morning outside. Lila Proulx, the co-owner, was on the phone. There was a little fan beside the cash register and she was standing directly in front of it, flapping the front of her sleeveless blouse. She saw me and twiddled her fingers in a wave. I twiddled mine back, feeling like someone else. Work or no work, I was still zoning. Still feeling it. I walked around the shop, picking up a few things almost at random, watching Lila out of the corner of my eye and waiting for her to get off the phone so I could talk to her . . . and all the time my own private hyperdrive was humming softly away. At last she hung up and I came to the counter. ‘Michael Noonan, what a sight for sore eyes you are!' she said, and began ringing up my purchases. ‘I was awfully sorry to hear about Johanna. Got to get that right up front. Jo was a pet.' ‘Thanks, Lila.' ‘Welcome. Don't need to say any more about it, but with a thing like that it's best to put it right up front. I've always believed it, always will believe it. Right up front. Going to do a little gardening, are you?' Gointer do a little ga'adnin, aaa you? ‘If it ever cools off.' ‘Ayuh! Isn't it wicked?' She flapped the top of her blouse again to show me how wicked it was, then pointed at one of my purchases. ‘Want this one in a special bag? Always safe, never sorry, that's my motto.' I nodded, then looked at the little blackboard tilted against the counter. FRESH BLUBERRYS, the chalked message read. THE CROPS IS IN! ‘I'll have a pint of berries, too,' I said. ‘As long as they're not Friday's. I can do better than Friday.' She nodded vigorously, as if to say she knew damned well I could. ‘These were on the bush yest'y. That fresh enough for you?' ‘Good as gold,' I said. ‘Blueberry's the name of Kenny's dog, isn't it?' ‘Ain't he a funny one? God, I love a big dog, if he's behaved.' She turned, got a pint of berries from her little fridge, and put them in another bag for me. ‘Where's Helen?' I asked. ‘Day off?.' ‘Not her,' Lila said. ‘If she's in town, you can't get her out of this place ‘less you beat her with a stick. She and Kenny and the kids went down Taxachusetts. Them and her brother's family club together and get a seaside cottage two weeks every summer. They all went. Old Blueberry, he'll chase seagulls until he drops.' She laughed it was a loud and hearty one. It made me think of Sara Tidwell. Or maybe it was the way Lila looked at me as she did it. There was no laughter in her eyes. They were small and considering, coldly curious. Would you for Christ's sake quit it? I told myself. They can't all be in on it together, Mike! Couldn't they, though? There is such a thing as town consciousness anyone who doubts it has never been to a New England town meeting. Where there's a consciousness, is there not likely to be a subconscious? And if Kyra and I were doing the old mind-meld thing, could not other people in TR-90 also be doing it, perhaps without even knowing it? We all shared the same air and land; we shared the lake and the aquifer which lay below everything, buried water tasting of rock and minerals. We shared The Street as well, that place where good pups and vile dogs could walk side-by-side. As I started out with my purchases in a cloth carry-handle bag, Lila said: ‘What a shame about Royce Merrill. Did you hear?' ‘No,' I said. ‘Fell down his cellar stairs yest'y evening. What a man his age was doing going down such a steep flight of steps is beyond me, but I suppose once you get to his age, you have your own reasons for doing things.' Is he dead? I started to ask, then rephrased. It wasn't the way the question was expressed on the TR. ‘Did he pass?' ‘Not yet. Motton Rescue took him to Castle County General. He's in a coma.' Comber, she said it. ‘They don't think he'll ever wake up, poor fella. There's a piece of history that'll die with him.' ‘I suppose that's true.' Good riddance, I thought. ‘Does he have children?' ‘No. There have been Merrills on the TR for two hundred years; one died at Cemetery Ridge. But all the old families are dying out now. You have a nice day, Mike.' She smiled. Her eyes remained flat and considering. I got into my Chevy, put the bag with my purchases in it on the passenger seat, then simply sat for a moment, letting the air conditioner pour cool air on my face and neck. Kenny Auster was in Taxachusetts. That was good. A step in the right direction. But there was still my caretaker. ‘Bill's not here,' Yvette said. She stood in the door, blocking it as well as she could (you can only do so much in that regard when you're five-three and weigh roughly a hundred pounds), studying me with the gimlet gaze of a nightclub bouncer denying re-entry to a drunk who's been tossed out on his ear once already. I was on the porch of the neat-as-ever-you-saw Cape Cod which stands at the top of Peabody Hill and looks all the way across New Hampshire and into Vermont's back yard. Bill's equipment sheds were lined up to the left of the house, all of them painted the same shade of gray, each with its own sign: DEAN CARETAKING, No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3. Parked in front of No. 2 was Bill's Dodge Ram. I looked at it, then back at Yvette. Her lips tightened a little more. Another notch and I figured they'd be gone entirely. ‘He went to North Conway with Butch Wiggins,' she said. ‘They went in Butch's truck. To get ‘ ‘No need lying for me, dear heart,' Bill said from behind her. It was still over an hour shy of noon, and on the Lord's Day to boot, but I had never heard a man who sounded more tired. He clumped down the hall, and as he came out of its shadows and into the light the sun was finally burning through the murk I saw that Bill now looked his age. Every year of it, and maybe ten more to grow on. He was wearing his usual khaki shirt and pants Bill Dean would be a Dickies man until the day he died but his shoulders looked slumped, almost sprained, a-s if he'd spent a week lugging buckets that were too heavy for him. The falling-away of his face had finally begun, an indefinable something that makes the eyes look too big, the jaw too prominent, the mouth a bit loose. He looked old. There were no children to carry on the family line of work, either; all the old families were dying out, Lila Proulx had said. And maybe that was a good thing. ‘Bill ‘ she began, but he raised one of his big hands to stop her. The callused fingertips shook a little. ‘Go in the kitchen a dight,' he told her. ‘I need to talk to my compadre here. ‘T'won't take long.' Yvette looked at him, and when she looked back at me, she had indeed reached zero lip-surface. There was just a black line where they had been, like a mark dashed off with a pencil. I saw with woeful clarity that she hated me. ‘Don't you tire him out,' she said to me. ‘He hasn't been sleepin. It's the heat.' She walked back down the hall, all stiff back and high shoulders, disappearing into shadows that were probably cool. It always seems to be cool in the houses of old people, have you noticed? Bill came out onto the porch and put his big hands into the pockets of his pants without offering to shake with me. ‘I ain't got nothin to say to you. You and me's quits.' ‘Why, Bill? Why are we quits?' He looked west, where the hills stepped into the burning summer haze, disappearing in it before they could become mountains, and said nothing. ‘I'm trying to help that young woman.' He gave me a look from the corners of his eyes that I could read well enough. ‘Ahuh. Help y'self right into her pants. I see men come up from New York and New Jersey with their young girls. Summer weekends, ski weekends, it don't matter. Men who go with girls that age always look the same, got their tongues run out even when their mouths are shut. Now you look the same.' I felt both angry and embarrassed, but I resisted the urge to chase him in that direction. That was what he wanted. ‘What happened here?' I asked him. ‘What did your fathers and grandfathers and great-grandfathers do to Sara Tidwell and her family? You didn't just move them on, did you?' ‘Didn't have to,' Bill said, looking past me at the hills. His eyes were moist almost to the point of tears, but his jaw was set and hard. ‘They moved on themselves. Never was a nigger who didn't have an itchy foot, my dad used to say.' ‘Who set the trap that killed Son Tidwell's boy? Was it your father, Bill? Was it Fred?' His eyes moved; his jaw never did. ‘I dunno what you're talking about.' ‘I hear him crying in my house. Do you know what it's like to hear a dead child crying in your house? Some bastard trapped him like a weasel and I hear him crying in my fucking house!' ‘You're going to need a new caretaker,' Bill said. ‘I can't do for you no more. Don't want to. What I want is for you to get off my porch.' ‘What's happening? Help me, for Christ's sake.' ‘I'll help you with the toe of my shoe if you don't get going on your own.' I looked at him a moment longer, taking in the wet eyes and the set jaw, his divided nature written on his face. ‘I lost my wife, you old bastard,' I said. ‘A woman you claimed to love.' Now his jaw moved at last. He looked at me with surprise and injury. ‘That didn't happen here,' he said. ‘That didn't have anything to do with here. She might've been off the TR because . . . well, she might've had her reasons to be off the TR . . . but she just had a stroke. Would have happened anywhere. Anywhere.' ‘I don't believe that. I don't think you do, either. Something followed her to Derry, maybe because she was pregnant . . . ‘ Bill's eyes widened. I gave him a chance to say something, but he didn't take it. ‘ . . . or maybe just because she knew too much.' ‘She had a stroke.' Bill's voice wasn't quite even. ‘I read the obituary myself. She had a damn stroke.' ‘What did she find out? Talk to me, Bill. Please.' There was a long pause. Until it was over I allowed myself the luxury of thinking I might actually be getting through to him. ‘I've only got one more thing to say to you, Mike stand back. For the sake of your immortal soul, stand back and let things run their course. They will whether you do or don't. This river has almost come to the sea; it won't be dammed by the likes of you. Stand back. For the love of Christ.' Do you care about your soul, Mr. Noonan? God's butterfly caught in a cocoon of flesh that will soon stink like mine? Bill turned and walked to his door, the heels of his workboots clodding on the painted boards. ‘Stay away from Mattie and Ki,' I said. ‘If you so much as go near that trailer ‘ He turned back, and the hazy sunshine glinted on the tracks below his eyes. He took a bandanna from his back pocket and wiped his cheeks. ‘I ain't stirrin from this house. I wish to God I'd never come back from my vacation in the first place, but I did mostly on your account, Mike. Those two down on Wasp Hill have nothing to fear from me. No, not from me.' He went inside and closed the door. I stood there looking at it, feeling unreal surely I could not have had such a deadly conversation with Bill Dean, could I? Bill who had reproached me for not letting folks down here share and perhaps ease my grief for Jo, Bill who had welcomed me back so warmly? Then I heard a clack sound. He might not have locked his door while he was at home in his entire life, but he had locked it now. The clack was very clear in the breathless July air. It told me everything I had to know about my long friendship with Bill Dean. I turned and walked back to my car, my head down. Nor did I turn when I heard a window run up behind me. ‘Don't you ever come back here, you town bastard!' Yvette Dean cried across the sweltering dooryard. ‘You've broken his heart! Don't you ever come back! Don't you ever! Don't you ever!' ‘Please,' Mrs. M. said. ‘Don't ask me any more questions, Mike. I can't afford to get in Bill Dean's bad books, any more'n my ma could afford to get into Normal Auster's or Fred Dean's.' I shifted the phone to my other ear. ‘All I want to know is ‘ ‘In this part of the world caretakers pretty well run the whole show. If they say to a summer fella that he should hire this carpenter or that ‘lectrician, why, that's who the summer fella hires. Or if a caretaker says this one should be fired because he ain't proving reliable, he is fired. Or she. Because what goes once for plumbers and landscapers and ‘lectricians has always gone twice for housekeepers. If you want to be recommended and stay recommended you have to keep on the sunny side of people like Fred and Bill Dean, or Normal and Kenny Auster. Don't you see?' She was almost pleading. ‘When Bill found out I told you about what Normal Auster did to Kerry, oooo he was so mad at me.' ‘Kenny Auster's brother the one Normal drowned under the pump his name was Kerry?' ‘Ahuh. I've known a lot of folks name their kids alike, think it's cute. Why, I went to school with a brother and sister named Roland and Rolanda Therriault, I think Roland's in Manchester now, and Rolanda married that boy from ‘ ‘Brenda, just answer one question. I'll never tell. Please?' I waited, my breath held, for the click that would come when she put her telephone back in its cradle. Instead, she spoke three words in a soft, almost regretful voice. ‘What is it?' ‘Who was Carla Dean?' I waited through another long pause, my hand playing with the ribbon that had come off Ki's turn-of-the-century straw hat. ‘You dassn't tell anyone I told you anything,' she said at last. ‘I won't.' ‘Carla was Bill's twin sister. She died sixty-five years ago, during the time of the fires.' The fires Bill claimed had been set by Ki's grandfather his going-away present to the TR. ‘I don't know just how it happened. Bill never talks about it. If you tell him I told you, I'll never make another bed in the TR. He'll see to it.' Then, in a hopeless voice, she said: ‘He may know anyway.' Based on my own experiences and surmises, I guessed she might be right about that. But even if she was, she'd have a check from me every month for the rest of her working life. I had no intention of telling her that over the telephone, though it would scald her Yankee soul. Instead I thanked her, assured her again of my discretion, and hung up. I sat at the table for a moment, staring blankly at Bunter, then said: ‘Who's here?' No answer. ‘Come on,' I said. ‘Don't be shy. Let's go nineteen or ninety-two down. Barring that, let's talk.' Still no answer. Not so much as a shiver of the bell around the stuffed moose's neck. I spied the scribble of notes I'd made while talking to Jo's brother and drew them toward me. I had put Kia, Kyra, Kito, and Carla in a box. Now I scribbled out the bottom line of that box and added the name Kerry to the list. I've known a lot of folks name their kids alike, Mrs. M. had said. They think it's cute. I didn't think it was cute; I thought it was creepy. It occurred to me that at least two of these soundalikes had drowned Kerry Auster under a pump, Kia Noonan in her mother's dying body when she wasn't much bigger than a sunflower seed. And I had seen the ghost of a third drowned child in the lake. Kito? Was that one Kito? Or was Kito the one who had died of blood-poisoning? They name their kids alike, they think it's cute. How many soundalike kids had there been to start with? How many were left? I thought the answer to the first question didn't matter, and that I knew the answer to the second one already. This river has almost come to the sea, Bill had said. Carla, Kerry, Kito, Kia . . . all gone. Only Kyra Devore was left. I got up so fast and hard that I knocked over my chair. The clatter in the silence made me cry out. I was leaving, and right now. No more telephone calls, no more playing Andy Drake, Private Detective, no more depositions or half-assed wooings of the lady fair. I should have followed my instincts and gotten the fuck out of Dodge that first night. Well, I'd go now, just get in the Chevy and haul ass for Der Bunter's bell jangled furiously. I turned and saw it bouncing around his neck as if batted to and fro by a hand I couldn't see. The sliding door giving on the deck began to fly open and clap shut like something hooked to a pulley. The book of Tough Stuff crossword puzzles on the end-table and the DSS program guide blew open, their pages riffling. There was a series of rattling thuds across the floor, as if something enormous were crawling rapidly toward me, pounding its fists as it came. A draft not cold but warm, like the rush of air produced by a subway train on a summer night buffeted past me. In it I heard a strange voice which seemed to be saying Bye-BY, bye-BY, bye-BY, as if wishing me a good trip home. Then, as it dawned on me that the voice was actually saying Ki-Ki, Ki-Ki, Ki-Ki, something struck me and knocked me violently forward. It felt like a large soft fist. I buckled over the table, clawing at it to stay up, overturning the lazy susan with the salt and pepper shakers on it, the napkin holder, the little vase Mrs. M. had filled with daisies. The vase rolled off the table and shattered. The kitchen TV blared on, some politician talking about how inflation was on the march again. The CD player started up, drowning out the politician; it was the Rolling Stones doing a cover of Sara Tidwell's ‘I Regret You, Baby.' Upstairs, one smoke alarm went off, then another, then a third. They were joined a moment later by the warble-whoop of the Chevy's car a larm. The whole world was cacophony. Something hot and pillowy seized my wrist. My hand shot forward like a piston and slammed down on the steno pad. I watched as it pawed clumsily to a blank page, then seized the pencil which lay nearby. I gripped it like a dagger and then something wrote with it, not guiding my hand but raping it. The hand moved slowly at first, almost blindly, then picked up speed until it was flying, almost tearing through the sheet: I had almost reached the bottom of the page when the cold descended again, that outer cold that was like sleet in January, chilling my skin and crackling the snot in my nose and sending two shuddery puffs of white air from my mouth. My hand clenched and the pencil snapped in two. Behind me, Bunter's bell rang out one final furious convulsion before falling silent. Also from behind me came a peculiar double pop, like the sound of champagne corks being drawn. Then it was over. Whatever it had been or however many they had been, it was finished. I was alone again. I turned off the CD player just as Mick and Keith moved on to a white-boy version of Howling Wolf, then ran upstairs and pushed the reset buttons on the smoke-detectors. I leaned out the window of the big guest bedroom while I was up there, aimed the fob of my keyring down at the Chevrolet, and pushed the button on it. The alarm quit. With the worst of the noise gone I could hear the TV cackling away in the kitchen. I went down, killed it, then froze with my hand still on the OFF button, looking at Jo's annoying waggy-cat clock. Its tail had finally stopped switching, and its big plastic eyes lay on the floor. They had popped right out of its head. I went down to the Village Cafe for supper, snagging the last Sunday Telegram from the rack (COMPUTER MOGUL DEVORE DIES IN WESTERN MAINE TOWN WHERE HE GREW UP, the headline read) before sitting down at the counter. The accompanying photo was a studio shot of Devore that looked about thirty years old. He was smiling. Most people do that quite naturally. On Devore's face it looked like a learned skill. I ordered the beans that were left over from Buddy Jellison's Saturday-night beanhole supper. My father wasn't much for aphorisms in my family dispensing nuggets of wisdom was Mom's job but as Daddy warmed up the Saturday-night yelloweyes in the oven on Sunday afternoon, he would invariably say that beans and beef stew were better the second day. I guess it stuck. The only other piece of fatherly wisdom I can remember receiving was that you should always wash your hands after you took a shit in a bus station. While I was reading the story on Devore, Audrey came over and told me that Royce Merrill had passed without recovering consciousness. The funeral would be Tuesday afternoon at Grace Baptist, she said. Most of the town would be there, many folks just to see Ila Meserve awarded the Boston Post cane. Did I think I'd get over? No, I said, probably not. I thought it prudent not to add that I'd likely be attending a victory party at Mattie Devore's while Royce's funeral was going on down the road. The usual late-Sunday-afternoon flow of customers came and went while I ate, people ordering burgers, people ordering beans, people ordering chicken salad sandwiches, people buying sixpacks. Some were from the TR, some from away. I didn't notice many of them, and no one spoke to me. I have no idea who left the napkin on my newspaper, but when I put down the A section and turned to find the sports, there it was. I picked it up, meaning only to put it aside, and saw what was written on the back in big dark letters: GET OFF THE TR. I never found out who left it there. I guess it could have been any of them.

Special Economic Zone in Tamilnadu

Special Economic Zone in Tamilnadu, India By Dr. Srinivasan and Mr. Alagarswami â€Å"The protests against land grab for SEZ's have spread like wildlife. † Vandana Shiva ( 2007). The overarching problem this study tries to address is the question why the wild-fire of protest spreads in some regions, while in others it is either doused living behind a dying ember or perceived not as a fire but as a well spring of hope. What can explain the regional differences in public responses to SEZ?The state of Tamil Nadu has been proactive in implementing SEZ policy both at the regional level as well as at the central policy levels. Mukherji and Shivpuri Singh argue that â€Å"the Act has made partial progress towards evolving a procedure for single window clearance of SEZ projects. Issues such as labour regulations; skill shortages; land acquisition; environmental clearance; power availability; a developer’s powers with respect to town planning; transport linkages; access to fina nce; corruption; and the overall propensity to approve foreign direct investments will have a state-level component.In most of these cases, state-level SEZ Acts will determine the extent to which state-level policies are synergised with central policies†(Mukherji and Shivpuri Singh, 2006). Even before the central SEZ Act was passed in 2005, Tamil Nadu had formulated its policy on SEZs in 2003 and passed the Tamil Nadu SEZ Act in 2005. Since 2005, a series of public hearings were organized by various civil society groups, political parties and government agencies. Civil society groups have argued that the bulk of the land being acquired for SEZs is fertile agricultural land, especially in case of the multi-product zones.The state of Tamil Nadu(TN) one of the four southern states of Indian sub-continent is considered â€Å"a pioneer in implementing many developmental programs such as nutrition noon-meal scheme for school children, integrated rural development program, adult-lit eracy programs, Rs. 1 (4. 7 cent) per kilogram of rice for poor, and more recently self-help group based micro-finance initiatives. It has also been a forerunner in implementing industrial policy focused on small scale industries and marginally successful land reform that sought to distribute land to landless farmers.Tamil Nadu has followed a unique trajectory that blended industrial policy and developmental initiatives, which have withstood the vagaries of local politics, corruption and other malaises that have been traditionally associated with governance in India. † (Ref)Tamil Nadu, being among one of India’s most industrialised states, shows certain unique patterns emerging in the establishment of SEZs. The Indian SEZ model was most widely adopted in the state with both negative and positive fallouts.Even before the central SEZ Act was passed in 2005, Tamil Nadu had formulated its policy on SEZs in 2003 and passed the Tamil Nadu SEZ Act in 2005 (Dhurjati Mukherjee, 2007). With 122 notified and proposed Special Economic Zones (SEZs), Tamil Nadu boasts of maximum number of SEZs in the country after Andhra Pradesh and Maharastra. Two large and powerful state agencies State Industrial Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu Ltd (SIPCOT) and Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation Ltd-(TIDCO) exercise considerable influence and authority in the acquisition of land.The government is intent on pursuing a policy of aggressive industrialisation, especially of a capital-intensive nature and has proposed to create 10,000 acres land bank in the state as per the 2007 Industrial Policy (TN Industrial Policy Note, 2007). Till date the state has 44 notified, 66 ‘formally approved’ and 19 ‘in-principally’ approved SEZs. Proposals are pending for another 13 SEZs. With over SEZ 54 approvals, State of Tamil Nadu (TN) has one of the highest numbers of SEZs in the country.In Tamil Nadu, 55 SEZs have been approved with 13045 hectares (32, 235 acres) of land as of 2012. In response to the opposition to SEZ in some localities (see chapter on Discourse Analysis for details) as well as in response to national developments in places like Nandigram, where the opposition to SEZ had turned violent, in 2007 , Tamil Nadu released the new industrial policy and announced several measures aimed at mid-course corrections as well as aggressive promotion of SEZ. For example the policy supported the evelopment a land bank of 4,000 hectares to promote industrial development in the state. The new industrial policy announced plans to build a land bank of 10,000 acres eventually to meet the growing demands for SEZ or industrial parks. The state has explicit policy of not acquiring cultivable land. The land for private parks / SEZs should, as far as possible, be barren, non-irrigated and dry land and the government will not allow proposals for industrial park involving more than 10 per cent cultivable land.Tamil Nadu was also the first st ate to make it a policy to support voluntary acquisition of land, rather than forcible acquisition. The policy also stipulates that promoters of private industrial parks would be required to purchase land directly. In its 2007 policy, the state government said that 10 per cent of the area in new industrial parks promoted by the State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu (SIPCOT) and the Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corp (TIDCO) would be set apart for social infrastructure.According to the new policy, in order to have equitable regional development, proposals for special economic zones (SEZ) in industrially backward areas will be given priority. 20 per cent of the allot-able area in new industrial parks / special economic zones (SEZ) or expansion of existing ones promoted by the Sipcot / Tidco would be reserved for small and medium enterprises (SME) including SME vendors to major industries in the same park.The consequences of 2007 industrial policy were that there was a tremendous increase in applications for SEZs. The speed at which the state government has been sanctioning the projects has raised several questions. There were apprehensions and widespread resistance from the farmers, politicians and academicians towards the implementation of the policy in Tamil Nadu. Opposition to SEZ in TN There are growing concerns over the impact of SEZ on local communities such as loss of agricultural land, unfair land transactions, undermining of uthority of local government, environmental degradation and fears of emergent gated communities. The feasibility and profitability of SEZ are also being re-evaluated in the light of growing opposition to SEZ and volatile markets. There have been several cases of reported opposition to SEZ, but many of these issues were eventually settled. Highlighting numerous instances of speculative land-bank acquisitions, the protestors condemned the Government for targeting the most vulnerable sections with eviction.Acquisitio n of bhoodan land Oragadam (Sriperumbadur), panchami land in Cheyyar (Thiruvanamallai), saltpan land in Ennore (Thiruvallur), grazing land in Thervoy (Thiruvallur), tenancy land in Nanguneri (Tirunalvelli), multi-cropping agriculture in Hosur (Krishnagiri), Sivarakottai, Puliampatti, Swamimallmpatty (Thirumangalam), Ranipet and Panapakkam (Vellore), agriculture land and homesteads in Mangal (Thiruvanamallai) are some examples of controversy over land acquisition in Tamil Nadu.Even though local people participated in protest against land acquisition, these protest did not materialise into any concrete action as it had happened in other states. The government of Tamil Nadu commissioned a report to examine the claims of those opposing the SEZ. Civil society organisations held several public hearing on the impact of SEZ in Tamil Nadu. In the public hearings, several critical questions were raised: Are people willingly giving away their land? What is the process of land acquisition in th e state?What role does the government agencies like Industrial Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu Ltd (SIPCOT) and Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation Ltd. (TIDCO) play in acquiring land for private companies? The loss of agriculture land, accompanied by livelihood insecurity has been on the raise for over a decade in TN. As per official figures, Tamil Nadu has lost more than one million hectares of cultivable land between 1991 and 2003 (Government of India, 2007 Agriculture Statistics at a Glance 2006-2007. Ministry of Agriculture).The government itself does not know how much agriculture land has been diverted till date as has been made clear by the Planning Commission’s July 2006 report of the Working Group on Land Relations for the11th Five Year Plan. The Ministry of Commerce, government of India does not provide any information on the livelihoods lost as a result of creation of SEZs. At the public hearings the verdict was that the bulk of the land acquired for SEZs is fertile, agricultural land, especially in case of the multi-product zones. A special report on SEZ in Tamil Nadu prepared by Dr.Palanithurai(Palanithurai,2009) makes an attempt to document issues related to land acquisition and peoples opposition to SEZ. The report is extensively based on case studies and interview based evidences to make an argument against SEZ. Especially the report focused on the issue of acquiring cultivable land for SEZ, against the government’s own commitment not to acquire fertile lands. The report refers to authoritarian strategies adopted by the government to force local Panchayats to pass resolutions in favour of SEZ.The report cites the example of SEZ at Cheyyar in Thiruvannamalai wherein the Mathur Panchayat passed a resolution objecting to land acquisition, expressing unwillingness to part with common lands. Similar resolutions were passed in Gram Sabha against land acquisition in eight Village Panchayats. The question that is asked was: â€Å"Will Cheyyar be Tamil Nadu’s Nandigram? † (Palanithurai, 2009). But the issue in Cheyyar took a different turn with many local people settling for a land sale and Panchayats now co-operating with the government and the promoters. Is this a case of coercion or voluntary agreement?The report presents the case of Irunkattukottai near Sriperumbudur and Hundai car manufacturing plant in Kancheepuram district, Valasamudram,in Tuticorin District as examples of opposition to SEZ. In the case of Bairamangalam near Hosur in Krishnagiri district local opposition to acquire cultivable land lead the government and private promoters to withdraw the project (Palanithurai,2009). Perhaps the case that drew much media attention was Oragadam village near Chennai, where the claim was that out of the 950 acres nearly 300 acres were cultivable land (Palanithurai, 2009). However as the development of SEZ ontinued, the opposition soon melted. One reason was that the agricultural land ha s been in the process of being re-developed as real estate since early 1990s and thus many of the land claimed to be cultivable were already being reclassified as housing development property—a move encouraged by the government to meet the growing demands for properties in close to Chennai. Villages in another districts lose to Chennai, Chengulpet was already a highly valued real estate’s with many educational, religious organisations already in position of large tracks of fertile land ready to be reused for non-agricultural development.The report also sites examples of SEZ that had little or no oppositions. â€Å"Perambalur District Perambalur is one of the districts in Tamil Nadu . â€Å"Contrary to the stories of land grabbing and bureaucratic compulsion that reeled off about land acquisition in many other districts of Tamil Nadu, people in Perambalur had altogether a different story to narrate†¦ The entire process of land acquisition was smooth, and the loca l community had no discontentment – not even a speck of disapproval, about having lost the land (Palanithurai, 2009). Despite such variable and mixed responses the report concludes by stating that â€Å"If at all, SEZ should do some good to the local development: (i) let it get established in real barren lands based on actual surveys carried out in identified regions, and not as per the British period records in possession of the government; and (ii) the community unrest in SEZ can be avoided, if the National Policy on Rehabilitation and Resettlement 2007 was taken as guidelines for resettlement and rehabilitation of people affected† (Palanithurai, 2009).But more tellingly the report presents rather dramatic description of â€Å"eviction of people, leveling of houses, handling over the land to the SEZ developers. and paying cash compensation to those who part with lands† and concludes that â€Å"The current tendency of making steadfast move towards eviction of people†¦ would only cause damage to agriculture, mock grassroots level democracy, and aggravate poverty†.These observations in the report have exclusively relied on the people who have lost their land and have grievances against the compensation packages. The report draws its conclusions based on selected individual case studies and incidents of few clear opposition to SEZs/ But what about the other stakeholders. Does SEZ have an impact only on those who lose their land?

Gregor Mendel's ACTUAL Paper ( NOT Others opinions of it) Essay

Gregor Mendel's ACTUAL Paper ( NOT Others opinions of it) - Essay Example Furthermore, the essay also considers the criticisms levied against Mendel’s experiments by noted geneticist R.A. Fisher, and also examines criticism relating to the paper’s rhetorical structure. The opening sections of Mendel’s paper examines past scientific formulations, with Mendel noting that while detailed experiments had been undertaken, nothing in-depth to the extent that it would allow the development of a predictive genetic structure over multiple generations. The first section in which Mendel details the tenants of his experiment is titled ‘Selection of the Experimental Plants.’ In this section Mendel indicates the specific elements he used in selecting plants for his experiment and why these plants are necessary to achieve sound results. Mendel indicates that the characteristics in the plants must be objectively determined (long vs. short stems), as well as observed in every generation (for instance color), and finally they must be able to be bred in a controlled environment. Finally, Mendel indicates that he has chosen a pea plant named a Pisum, as it fits these distinctions. In the next section Mendel details the purpose of his experiment. He states that he intends to investigate the variety in traits that are passed down over the series of generations from the breeding of plants. He distinguishes seven specific traits that he will be observing, chosen for the reasons articulated above. Mendel indicates that past experiments have determined that when two plants with differing traits are bred they exhibit traits from only one plant, not a combination or blending of the two. Mendel refers to the trait that appears in the newly bred hybrid plant as the dominant trait, whereas the trait that isn’t physically detectable the recessive trait. The first experiment section is titled ‘First Generation From the Hybrids’. This section

Anger ( Psychology Assignment) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Anger ( Psychology ) - Assignment Example In these regards, the article begins with situating anger within the Freudian context. It argues that Freud believed anger represented a defense mechanism to protect a fragile ego that was under siege from an outside attack. The article argues that while Feud’s contention has some bearing to reality, that to comprehend the true nature of anger one must go beyond these articulations. This is a notable point in that it indicates that Freud’s early articulations of anger as rooted in ego defense is too simplistic a means of understanding that human condition, and that rather than speaking of it in terms of ego, one must embrace a more complex articulation of personality. In these regards, the article argues that one must understand the expansive nature of personality construction and realize that anger oftentimes masks emotions an individual is feeling elsewhere in their life. Anger is then understood as a sort reactive, secondary emotion in these regards. For instance, on e can consider the nature of anger in the contextual situation of driving and getting cut-off in traffic. Within this context the initial emotion experienced by the individual was that of fear and the secondary reactive emotion was anger. In these regards, the predominant understanding of anger is the type of emotion that is reactive rather than an initial and instinctual emotion. One of the critical issues in examining anger in these regards is developing a workable definition of what constitutes anger. In these regards, the article advances a notion of anger as a protective emotion. The article’s contention is that when individuals experience anger it is out of a sort of survival instinct that is triggered by external circumstances. These circumstances then function by sending signals to the heart and internal organs and senses such that they alert the individual to the potential threats in the environment. While there are a great variety of things that can cause anger to o ccur, the two most overarching concepts in these regards is the current vulnerability as well as the extent of the individual’s perception of this vulnerability. It’s argued that the core assumptions of the nature of anger are such that they necessitate varying types of definitions. One such of these is problem anger, which indicates that the individual acts out of vulnerability to such an extent that it hinders their long term goals or interests. The article indicates that this is generally a temporary and short-lived occurrence that is brought on by a sudden shift in core value. This then result in the individual lashing out in angry ways towards those or the incident that caused their malaise. The article also addresses means of overcoming these sorts of problem anger situations by indicating that the individual should refrain from immediate action and enter a contemplative state of affairs. A more insightful insight in such a context is that when an individual find s themselves in such a state must act in accordance not with their feelings of anger, but with their long term goals. While the article makes interesting insights into the nature of human anger or consciousness, in large part one questions the overriding validity of the claim. For instance, the argument that there is an element of angry that is known as problem anger is seems more likely suited

To what extent do risk, rewards and motives contribute towards an Assignment

To what extent do risk, rewards and motives contribute towards an entrepreneurs goals - Assignment Example Steve Jobs – An Icon of Entrepreneurship Burlingham and Gendron (2013) argue, "Without Jobs, after all, there would have been no Apple II". Steve Jobs is a glaring example of true entrepreneurship in the current times; the one, who assesses risks carefully, faces challenges that come his way, and accomplishes tasks in hand successfully. And in this process, he gets rewarded handsomely so much that in his own life time, Apple, in terms of market capitalization, transforms into the world's largest company. That is a great feat indeed! As per Kathryn Lang, entrepreneurship requires thought, planning, and persistence. It is not always the money that makes people entrepreneur. It is the passion or urge of creating something – product or service that exhorts their entrepreneurial spirit. Fixed paychecks in the job do not excite them and insecurity outside the jobs does not stop them from trading into unchartered territories. That is why entrepreneurs are always ready to take risks and face new challenges to get rewarded handsomely. It is this sense of achievement that drives them towards entrepreneurship. The case of Steve Jobs is no different than this. Major Motives – Innovation and Perfection According to John Kao, a consultant to corporations, it is the innovative culture created by Steve Jobs that is responsible establishing Apple ahead of many of its rivals. Though formal education is required yet attitude to learn more in all situations is a prerequisite for creativity. There is no doubt that Steve Jobs has these traits since an early age. At a fairly young age, he was fascinated toward electronics doing projects on radios. While he is fired from Apple in 1985, his entrepreneurial spirit forces him to float two new companies under the names ‘Next’ and ‘Pixar’. He remains in control of these two companies until 1996 when he returns to Apple and becomes chief executive officer (CEO) there. In 2005, during a commence ment address to the students at Stanford, Steve is quite categorical in his statement, â€Å"It turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me† (Lohr, 2011). What he says is that perseverance pays and it goes without saying that perseverance is one of the key characteristics that make one entrepreneur. Perfection in the product design has always been his obsession so much that even on internal circuitry that no one is going to look at, he insists that "every line of solder on the circuit board be perfectly straight" (Burlingham and Gendron, 2013). That is why on aesthetics too each product of the Apple Inc. receives accolades from the customers. Steve Jobs emphasises on the innovation in the task and jobs that one undertakes and that becomes possible only with experimentation, taking risks in life and being curious. In line with this, he further adds, "I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew , I wish that for you† (Lohr, 2011). Entrepreneurship and Risk Taking Ability True entrepreneurs are prompt in taking risks. As saying goes: no risks, no rewards. This remains a universal fact always as one goes deeper into the events that shape the lives

MGMT499 - 1403B - 04 Individual Project 1 Research Paper

MGMT499 - 1403B - 04 Individual Project 1 - Research Paper Example Formulating the right steps needed to reach these aims is also crucial. The top management team has always excelled at this function in Starbucks. First, CEO Howard Schultz wanted the company to offer a different coffee-selling experience from its competitors. Therefore, it dwelt on making the ambience and services at Starbucks more laid-back than at other companies. It established a way of achieving those outcomes by effectively training its baristas to maintain high coffee standards (Cleary, 2007). In addition, the company also had a plan to make its presence felt in almost all corners of the US and internationally. The management team thus expanded into non urban areas where it doubled its outcomes. It even entered into grocery stores and drive-thru locations. The company worked on its business aspect by licensing some of its products as well as offering a platform called â€Å"Starbucks for business† (Paryani, 2011). This innovation allowed suppliers to contract out their businesses through these platforms. Overall, the company demonstrated t hat strategic and operational panning are essential in succeeding within the coffee industry. Organizing as a management function is that aspect which entails the development of the right structures needed to meet the objectives created in the planning phase. An effective management team ought to design jobs in a manner that provides the right amount of autonomy and enrichment (Carpenter et. al., 2009). Additionally, the way departments and levels at the organization are arranged should be in order to get the most out of the company’s resources. Starbucks has a range of baristas, store managers and administrators. Most of them have job positions that are well cut out and understood by the members. However, the organization strives to make baristas jobs more enjoyable by empowering workers with knowledge needed to

Traveled to Las vegas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Traveled to Las vegas - Essay Example It was really a good driving experience on a Chevrolet. The Fremont Street is a good night attraction for visitors with casinos and LED lights adding to the overall beauty of the area. On the third day of my trip, I went to The Fountains at Bellagio. One thing that I noticed at this place was the presence of a large number of people from different parts of world. It is a widely spread manmade lake with a lot of fountains that are so attractive that a person with a passion for photography cannot stop taking photographs until the whole picture storage limit of the camera ends. In addition, during night times, this place becomes even more beautiful when lights from high rise buildings cover the area like shining starts. On the last two days of my trip, I visited the Hoover Dam which is considered to be one of the seven industrial wonders of the world. I also took photos of the dam and the accompanying areas. Some more places that I really liked in Las Vegas included the Caesers Palace, Red Rock Canyon, and Mirage Volcanos. All of these places were very attractive and perfectly managed. Summing it up, I would say that my trip to Las Vegas was the most exciting and memorable travel experience of life which I will never forget in my whole

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Political Science - Essay Example ACH manages to avoid both human bias and analytical errors by integrating both cognitive psychology and scientific methods into its system of exploration. That notwithstanding, I hold the opinion that bringing on board other analysts when using ACH is more productive than when an analyst uses it alone. This is because having many analysts on board ensures that each situation is approached form a broad angle, thereby taking into consideration all the possible alternatives. The input of the other analysts will similarly be important in doing away with assumptions while collecting evidence against each alternative (Intelligence Reports 2013). The ideal result would be that the alternative with the least evidence against it would be accepted. Bringing on board several analysts would be challenging as handling numerous views may be mentally hectic, nonetheless, the process would be comprehensive and without pitfalls, notably because the alternatives will be competing against each other. Response to Tyler I harbor the same belief as you that the content that we have covered in this course will come in handy in ensuring that we become worldwide professionals in the field of intelligence. Taking a walk down memory lane, we all attest to the fact that intelligence has made significant strides. This is because the physical maps and marker pens that were the order of the day have been overtaken by the use of satellites and information technology (Hypothesis, 2008).

Laptop purchase on university Essay Example for Free

Laptop purchase on university Essay 1. Introduction: We are submitting a well-structured and comprehensive report on â€Å"Factors influencing University students’ Laptop purchases†. Despite many constraints like scope and access to information, we have tried to create something satisfactory. We have tried to follow your guideline in every aspects of preparing this report. We have concentrated on the most relevant and logical areas to make our report coherent as well as practical. We hope this report will entice your kind appreciation. This century is called technological century. So everyone prefers new technology to keep them ahead. This reports experience helps us to find out what factors influence student to purchase a laptop. Many thing influence student to purchase a laptop like Outlook, performance, Need, Physical In this modern time student wants to buy a laptop which increase status, fulfils need and entertainment. 1. 1 Objective of the report: The objective of this report is to find out the factors which influence Student’s purchase decision of laptops. The main objective of this report â€Å"Factors influencing University students’ Laptop purchases† is to find out the result about this issue. 1. 2 Problem statement: To prepare this report, the selected problem statement that we are going to find out is given below. To find out the most important factors which influence students’ purchase decision of laptops. To find out difference between Public and Private University. 1. 3 Scope and limitation: Scope: This report have covered on the students of three Private public Universities. The selected private universities within Dhanmondi area public it is Jagannath University, Dhaka University and BUET. Limitation: The report has covered around 200 students (3 private public) only for lack of man power. Due to the financial problem, We couldn’t cover all private public universities in Bangladesh. 1. 4 Methodology: Methodology of the report is given below 1. 4. 1: Topic selection: We have selected topic by discussion with group member. 1. 4. 2: Sample technique: We have surveyed by non-probability sampling. Our group members have surveyed within 200(Private: 100 Public: 100) students . In the private universities male female students are 50 50. On the other hand, in the public universities male female students are 50 50. 1. 4. 3: Data collection method: To prepare this report, the data have collected from the students of several private public Universities. 1. 4. 4: Data analysis method: To prepare this report, the data have analyzed by using graph, tally, and computer. 1. 4. 5: Data presentation: To prepare this report, the data have presented by using Microsoft office Word power point 2007. 2. Report Analysis: Our report is â€Å"Factors influencing University students’ Laptop purchases† we find out the result of two hundred students from three public private universities. The information we have collected is given below: Survey information (public university): We have surveyed on Public University within three departments (BBA, CSE EEE). We have surveyed between 20% female and 30% male in BBA, 10% female and 20% male in CSE and 5% female and 15% male in EEE departments. All of the students provided their reliable information. Survey information (private university): We have also surveyed on Private University within four departments (BBA, CSE, EEE ETE). There are 22% female and 49% male in BBA, 4% female and 5% male in CSE, 4% female and 13% male in EEE and 2% female 1% male students in ETE. Report analysis of public University: From the first question, high performing laptop is important for you , we found that 13. 33% male and 0% female are strongly agree, 36. 67% male and 15% female are agree, 50% male and 85% female are neutral . â€Å" Laptop is better than desktop† by following this, we found that 66. 67% male and 65% female are strongly agree, 23. 33% male and 35% female are agree, 10% male and 0% female are neutral . Here 60% male and 25% female are strongly agree, 26. 67% male and 75% female are agree, 13% male and 0% female are neutral . In this statement, 66.  68% male and 65% female are strongly agree, 20% male and 25% female are agree, 13. 33% male and 10% female are neutral . According to our survey result we found that, 0% male and 80% female are strongly agree, 0% male and 20% female are agree, 73% male and 0% female are neutral,23% male 0% female are disagree, 3% male 0% female are strongly disagree. Your parents think laptop is preferable for study than desktop, for this statement we found that, 0% male and 10% female are strongly agree, 16. 67% male and 45% female are agree, 70% male and 45% female are neutral,13% male 0% female are disagree. Here we found that ,10% male and 20% female are strongly agree, 10% male and 80% female are agree, 63. 33% male and 0% female are neutral,17% male 0% female are disagree. By analyzing our survey, we found that 83. 33% male and 75% female are strongly agree, 16. 67% male and 25% female are agree. Availability of service center influences you to buy laptop, for this statement we found that, 86. 67% male and 85% female are strongly agree, 13. 33% male and 15% female are agree. By analyzing our survey we found that, 0% male and 0% female are strongly agree, 13. 33% male and 65% female are agree, 76. 67% male and 35% female are neutral,10% male 0% female are disagree. For this question we found that, 6. 66% male and 0% female are strongly agree, 33. 33% male and 20% female are agree, 60% male and 80% female are neutral. In your honest opinion, an ideal laptop should have Weight of, 10% male 15% female are in Colum A, 73. 33% male 85% female are in Colum B, 16. 67% male 0% female are in Colum C. Here we found that, 6. 67% male 80% female are in Colum A, 80% male 20% female are in Colum B, 13. 33% male 0% female are in Colum C. In this statement we found that, , 80% male 90% female are in Colum A, 13. 33% male 10% female are in Colum B, 6. 67% male 0% female are in Colum C. Report analysis of private University: To prepare this report, we also covered private University within Dhanmondi area. Report analysis of private university is given below by graphically. From the first question, We found that strongly agree male 62. 71% and female51. 22%, agree male 23. 73% and female 19. 51%, Neutral male 8. 47% and female 14. 07%, Disagree male 3. 39% and female 2. 44%, Strongly disagree male 1. 70% and female 12. 20% about high performing laptop is important for you. According to our survey result, We found strongly agree male 54. 24% and female 36. 59%, agree male 22. 03% and female 31. 71%, Neutral male 16. 95% and female 4. 88%, Disagree male 6. 78% and female 14. 63%, Strongly disagree male 0% and female12. 20%. About laptop is a must for study purpose. Here, We found strongly agree male 40. 68% and female 19. 51%, agree male 25. 42% and female 12. 20%, Neutral male 28. 81% and female 26. 83%, Disagree male 3. 93% and female 14. 63%, Strongly disagree male 01. 70% and female 9. 76%. Students claim that laptop is a must for study purpose. By following this question, We found strongly agree male 59. 32% and female 26. 83%, agree male 25. 42% and female 29. 29%, Neutral male 08. 47% and female 14. 63%, Disagree male 6. 78% and female 19. 51%, Strongly disagree male 00. 00% and female 9. 76%. About laptop saves electricity. In this statement, We found strongly agree male 40. 68% and female 26. 83%, agree male 32. 20% and female 31. 71%, Neutral male 20. 03% and female 14. 07%, Disagree male 05. 08% and female 14. 63%, Strongly disagree male 00. 00% and female 09. 76%. About laptop’s physical outlook influences you to purchase a particular laptop. Your parents think laptop is preferable for study purpose thane desktop by following this We found strongly agree male 33. 90% and female 24. 39%, agree male 33. 90% and female 21. 95%, Neutral male 23. 71% and female 31. 71%, Disagree male 3. 93% and female 21. 95%, Strongly disagree male 5. 08% and female 2. 44%. â€Å"Do you think laptop increases your social status as student† ,this statement displayed strongly agree male 40. 68% and female 26. 83%, agree male 28. 81% and female 21. 95%, Neutral male 20. 34% and female 39. 27%, Disagree male 6. 78% and female 21. 95%, Strongly disagree male 3. 93% and female 00. 00%. According to our survey, We found strongly agree male 44. 07% and female 14. 07%, agree male 25. 42% and female 41. 46%, Neutral male 15. 25% and female 20. 20%, Disagree male 11. 86% and female 14. 63%, Strongly disagree male 3. 93% and female 14. 63%. About warranty facility influenced you to buy laptop. In this statement, We found strongly agree male 37. 29% and female 12. 20%, agree male 25. 42% and female 34. 15%, Neutral male 22. 03% and female 24. 09%, Disagree male 13. 50% and female 14. 07%, Strongly disagree male 1. 70% and female 9. 76%. About availability of service center influences you to buy laptop. Here We found strongly agree male 39. 90% and female 14. 07%, agree male 35. 60% and female 24. 39%, Neutral male 16. 95% and female 24. 93%, Disagree male 8. 47% and female 19. 51%, Strongly disagree male 5. 08% and female 14. 63%. About your friend circle influences you to buy laptop. By analyzing this statement, We found strongly agree male 47. 46% and female 14. 63%, agree male 27. 12% and female 26. 83%, Neutral male 16. 95% and female 26. 83%, Disagree male 5. 08% and female 14. 08%, Strongly disagree male 3. 93% and female 14. 63%. In this statement We found â€Å"A â€Å"male 55. 93% and female 34. 15%, â€Å"B† male 35. 60% and female 39. 02%, â€Å"C† male 8. 47% and female 26. 83%. Our survey , showed in question â€Å"A â€Å"male 22. 63% and female 24. 93%, â€Å"B† male 59. 32% and female 39. 62%, â€Å"C† male 16. 95% and female 36. 59%. About screen size of Laptop monitor. Survey of 100 students of the private university, We found â€Å"A†male 22. 63% and female 24. 39%, â€Å"B† male 59. 32% and female 39. 62%, â€Å"C† male 16. 95% and female 36. 59%. About battery7 backup of laptop. 2. 1 Major findings: The major issues that we have found from our survey result is given below. Most of the students of Public and Private Universities are preferred that Laptop is better than desktop. In the public university and private university, 66. 67% male and 65% female, 54. 24% male and 36. 59% female provided strongly agree. Most of the students of Private and public universities preferred that Laptop saves Electricity. (Male 59. 32% female 26. 83% ) and ( male 66. 68% female 65% ). Most of the female (80%) students of public university response that laptop physical outlook influences them to purchase laptop. Available of service center also influence students to purchase laptop. The major percentage of students (Male 80% 90%) thinks that an ideal laptop should have 3 to 7 hours battery backup. 3. Conclusion: As our hypothesis is to find out the difference between public and private university and most important factors which influence students to buy a laptop. So, from the analysis of our survey, we found that our hypothesis is accepted. 4. Appendix : For collecting the information, we have followed survey questionnaire format. The format is given below. Survey on  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Factors influencing University students’ Laptop purchases† Dear Respondent, We, from United International University (UIU), are doing a survey on Factors influencing University students’ Laptop purchases: A research in Dhaka city among Public Private universities, as part of our Business Communication course. For this, we need some reliable information. Would you please read the statements and provide your best response to each question. Gender: ? Male ? Female Type of your university: ? Private ? Public Department : _____________ [Strongly Agree=5 Agree=4 Neutral=3 Disagree=2 Strongly Disagree=1]. Statement Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree 1. High performing laptop is important for you. 5 4 3 2 1 2. Laptop is better than desktop. 5 4 3 2 1 3. Laptop is a must for study purpose. 5 4 3 2 1 4. Laptop saves electricity. 5 4 3 2 1 5. Laptop’s physical outlook influences you to purchase a particular laptop. 5 4 3 2 1 6. Your parents think laptop is preferable for study than desktop. 5 4 3 2 1 7. You think laptop increases your social status as student. 5 4 3 2 1 8. Warranty facility influenced you to buy laptop. 5 4 3 2 1 9. Availability of service center influences you to buy laptop. 5 4 3 2 1 10. Your friend circle influences you to buy laptop. 5 4 3 2 1 11. You purchase laptop with a major intension of entertainment. 5 4 3 2 1 12. In your honest opinion, an ideal laptop should have 12. 1 Weight of A) Below 1kg B) 1-2kg C) 2-2. 5kg 12. 2 Screen size of A) 10- 13 inches B) 13- 15 inches C) 15-17 inches 12. 3 Battery backup of A) 3-7 hours B) 7-10 hours C) 10-12 hours Thank You for your Cooperation. 5. Reference: For preparing the report, we have take help from the following 1. Basic Business Communication, Tenth edition, Lesikar and Flatley. 2. www. Google. com 3. www. Wikipedia. com.

Single Stage H Biased Amplifier Biology Essay

Single Stage H Biased Amplifier Biology Essay The objective of this laboratory exercise was to design, simulate, build and test a single stage H- biased amplifier to design specifications and requirements. The design specified a voltage gain of 50 be obtained, a lower cut off frequency of 100Hz and maximum symmetrical swing. An NPN 2N3904 transistor was to be used, with a supply voltage of 15volts. A 100kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ load resistor was also required in the design. The values for the components involved in the design were first calculated, using logical deductions, and then simulated using the software Multisim. The H- biased amplifier was then built on a solder less bread board. The various values were measured in the laboratory using the appropriate equipment. Analysis of the calculated, simulated and measured values was done. The results were discussed and used to determine whether the specifications were met. This laboratory exercise was an introduction to the design of electronic devices. Valuable knowledge and practical skills were gained in performing this exercise. This knowledge would prove useful in future designs. Contents Table of Figures List of Tables List of Symbols/ Abbreviations A Amperes AC Alternative Coupling Av Voltage Gain BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor Ci Input Capacitor Co Output Capacitor CE Emitter Capacitor (By pass) dB Decibels DC Direct Coupling f Frequency hfe Current Gain hie Emitter Input Impedance Hz Hertz I Current IB Base Current IC Collector Current IE Emitter Current I1 Current through R1 I2 Current through R2 K.V.L Kirchhoffs Voltage Law k- Kilo m milli R Resistance R1 Resistor 1 R2 Resistor 2 RE Emitter Resistor Re Unbypassed Emitter Resistor RE* Recalculated Emitter Resistor RC Collector Resistor RL Load Resistor RTH Thevenins Equivalent Resistance V- Voltage VB Voltage across Base VBE Base Emitter Voltage VCC Supply Voltage VCE Voltage across Collector and Emitter VRC Voltage across Collector Resistor VRE Voltage across Emitter Resistor VTH Thevenins Equivalent Voltage VR1- Voltage across R1 VR2 Voltage across R2 XCE Reactance of CE XCi Reactance of Ci XCo Reactance of Co Zi Input Impedance Zo Output Impedance à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Ohms Introduction The following gives a brief description of the Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT). A Bipolar Junction Transistor is an active semiconductor device formed by joining two P-N junctions whose function is amplification of an electric current. (Seale 2003). The transistor can also be used for the purposes of switching. However, in this exercise, the focus is centered on the application of amplification. A bipolar junction transistor consists of three regions of doped semiconductors. P- type and N- type semiconductor materials are alternatively joined together to form the transistor. This therefore results in 2 PN junctions. The transistor consists of three regions, namely, the emitter, the base and the collector. The diagram below illustrates the basic structure of a transistor, showing the PN junctions and the emitter, base and collector. BJT layers Figure : Transistor Source: http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/bip_junct_trans.html (accessed November 17th 2010 at 5:44pm.) From the diagram it is easily seen that one P-N junction is between the emitter and the base and the other P-N junction is between the collector and the base. Since the emitter and collector are usually doped somewhat differently, they are rarely electrically interchangeable. (Seale 2003). The base also forms the mechanical base for the structure. (Seale 2003). The base region is made as thin as possible (about 10-6m) to get a reasonable good levels of current gain.(Seale 2003). Furthermore, it is made thin for easier passage of electrons through the base region to the collector. Bipolar transistors are either NPN or PNP, based on the arrangement of their N-type and P-type materials. An NPN transistor is formed by sandwiching a very thin region of P-type between two regions of N-type materials. Figure 2 below shows an NPN transistor, while figure 3 shows the symbol used to represent it. NPN layers Figure : NPN Transistor Source: http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/bip_junct_trans.html (accessed November 17th 2010 at 5:44pm.) Figure : NPN Transistor SymbolImage Source: http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/bip_junct_trans.html (accessed November 17th 2010 at 5:44pm.) Similarly, a PNP transistor is formed by sandwiching a very thin region of N-type between two regions of P-type materials. Figure 4 below shows the PNP transistor, while figure 5 shows the symbol used to represent it. Figure : PNP TransistorPNP layers Source: http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/bip_junct_trans.html (accessed November 17th 2010 at 5:44pm.) Figure : PNP Transistor SymbolImage Source: http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/bip_junct_trans.html (accessed November 17th 2010 at 5:44pm.) (It should be noted that the circle around the transistor usually not seen when the transistor is drawn in circuit diagrams.) It is clear that the distinguishing characteristic of the two transistor symbols is the direction of the arrow. A transistor in a circuit will be in one of three conditions: Cut off (no collector current). In this region it can be used as switch. In the active region (some collector current, more than a few tenths of a volt above the emitter. In this region, it can be used for amplifier applications. In saturation (collector a few tenths of a volt above emitter), large current useful for switch on applications.(Nave) The figure below illustrates these regions of operation. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/imgsol/tran6.gif Figure : Regions of Operation of the Transistor Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans2.html#c4 , accessed November 17th 2010 at 5:40 pm. A NPN transistor was used to in this laboratory exercise to act as an amplifier. The transistor must therefore be in the active region. Background Theory The following describes the reasons for the choice of biasing arrangement and type of configuration. Possible applications of the design project are also included. For transistors to produce amplification, an operating point must first be established. Since a transistor can act as an amplifier in the active region, it is here that the operating point is established. This operating point is fixed, and so it is referred to as a quiescent point (Q point). This is known as biasing. This operating point is the point where the applied signal would be amplified. Therefore it is required that this point be constant. Biasing is the operation of setting an operating point within an operating range and the purpose of bias design is to set the collector current of a transistor to a specific value and keep deviations due to temperature and beta variations to a specified minimum.(Kuhn 2008) Biasing can take two forms, fixed biasing and H biasing. The fixed bias design works with a transistor with an appropriate current gain, beta. Temperature changes results in a change of beta. This results in a variation of Ic and consequently, the Q point changes. Hence, the fixed biased arrangement is thermally unstable. In the H biased design, the Q points are independent of beta and therefore the Q points are more stable. Two resistors form a potential divider and fix the base potential. Since the base potential is kept nearly constant, if Ic changes, an increase potential drop would develop across RE and VBE would decrease. This results in Ic dropping to its original value. This biased arrangement is therefore thermally stable. Due to this thermal stability, the H biased arrangement was chosen in preference to the fixed biased arrangement. Now, though the H biasing arrangement was chosen, the type of configuration was still undecided. Three types of configurations exist. These include the common emitter, common base and common collector. According to Kuhn 2008, in general, the best amplifier to use is the one whose input resistance is comparable to the source resistance and whose output resistance is comparable to the load resistance. Source Resistance/ Load resistance Good Choice of Amplifier to consider Greater than 10 Common Collector 2 -10 Common Collector or Common Emitter 0.5 -2 Common Emitter 0.1 -0.5 Common Emitter or Common Base Less than 0.1 Common Base Table Showing Choice of Amplifier based on Source/Load Resistance Source: http://www.kennethkuhn.com/students/ee351/text/bjt_general_design.pd, accessed 17th November 2010 at 5:17 pm. It can be shown that the common-emitter amplifier is capable of achieving the highest possible power gain. He concludes by saying that, overall, the common-emitter amplifier is the most flexible in terms of input and output resistance while also achieving reasonable power gain. Therefore, the common emitter configuration was chosen. Figure 7 shows this configuration. Figure 7: Common Emitter Configuration Source: Electronic Workbench Software- Multisim Figure 7: Common Emitter ConfigurationQ1 2N3904 Vcc R1 R2 Re RE* Rc RL Co Ci CE This design project would serve as an introduction to the practical application of electronics. With the experience, knowledge and understanding gained in designing and the building the circuit, more advanced and complex circuits could possibly be built. These circuits would then be used in everyday applications, e,g a microphone, speaker or perhaps a new innovation. This simple circuit in itself could be used to amplify signals with the appropriate adjustments. Design Objectives The following shows the specifications required for the design of the amplifier. The specifications involved in the design of the single stage H-biased amplifier were as follows: Voltage gain of 50 Lower cut off frequency less than 100Hz Maximum symmetrical swing Supply voltage of 15volts It was required that a small signal NPN 2N3904 transistor be used in the design. A fixed load resistance of 100kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ was also required. Method The following shows the apparatus and materials used in the design project, the operating conditions, how the various resistor and capacitor values were obtained and the basic laboratory procedure. Apparatus and Materials The following shows a list of the apparatus and materials used in overall design and building of the amplifier. 2N3904 NPN Transistor Solder less Bread board Resistors (56à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦, 680à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦, 3.6kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦, 62kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦,10kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦,100kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) Capacitors (4.7uF, 47uF ,330uF) Connecting wires Pliers Dual trace Oscilloscope Power Supply Function Generator Multi-meter LRC meter Analysis of Operating Conditions The following gives an analysis of the operating conditions for the circuit. The design of the amplifier consisted of two types of operating conditions. These included the DC conditions and the AC conditions. The DC and AC conditions were not mixed. Therefore each type of operating condition was considered individually. DC Analysis The following describes the operating conditions for the DC analysis. In DC circuits, capacitors act as an open circuit. In an open circuit, no current flows. Therefore the capacitors were omitted when considering the operating conditions for DC. For the transistor to function as an amplifier, the various quiescent currents and voltages associated with it need to be known. Also, the resistor values need to be known. Therefore, some calculations must first be made. The figure below shows the circuit required for DC analysis. Figure : Circuit Required for DC Analysis Figure : Circuit Required for DC AnalysisVcc R2 RE Rc Q1 2N3904 R1 Figure 8: Circuit Required for DC Analysis Source: Electronic Workbench Software Multisim Note that this circuit is similar to figure 7. However, the capacitors were omitted as they are part of the AC analysis. The supply voltage, , was given as 15 volts. Determining Ic The following describes how the value of Ic , was chosen. The transistor datasheet (found in the appendix) was used to choose an appropriate value for. Firstly, the graph of Typical Pulsed Current Gain vs Collector Current, , was used. Since the quiescent points are independent of beta, ÃŽÂ ², (), then the exact value of ÃŽÂ ² becomes irrelevant. Hence, beta can be chosen as any appropriate value. Since the operating temperature for the transistor was room temperature, therefore, the graph at 25 °C was selected. From the graph it was seen that beta was relatively constant at an of 2mA. Due to this constant beta, a selection of 2mA for was made. It was found that beta was approximately 230. It should be noted that a value of 1mA could also have been chosen, based on the same criteria upon which was chosen. To add some justification to the value chosen, the graph of Base- Emitter ON voltage vs Collector Current was also considered. It was known that an approximate value for was 0.68V. Using again the graph at room temperature, (25 °C), the corresponding value for a voltage of 0.68 was 2mA. Since multiple graphs indicated that a value of 2mA would be appropriate, therefore, was chosen to be 2mA. Calculation of The following shows the steps involved in determining the value of. A requirement was maximum symmetrical swing. That is, must be able to increase and decrease by the same value. From the circuit,( figure 8), is in series with the emitter of transistor, and therefore in series with the voltage. Since would cause a voltage drop, , across itself, this would therefore reduce the voltage . This voltage drop across, that is, would therefore limit the symmetrical swing. So, to obtain maximum symmetrical swing, it was desired that be negligible, when compared to the voltage drop across. With a small , then would be large, and hence produce maximum symmetrical swing. Since 10% can be considered negligible in comparison to 90%, it was therefore assumed that was one tenth the supply voltage. That is,= 1/10..[1] Since was given as 15volts, then, = 1/10 (15) = 1.5 volts Ohms law was applied, Then, = à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [2] In the circuit, the current which flows through , was the same current . (It is seen later that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[20]) Therefore, = à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[3] The formula was rearranged to make the subject, =à ·. Since = 2mA, Therefore,= 1.5Và ·2mA So, = 750à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Calculation for The following shows the steps involved in determining the value of. The design for maximum symmetrical swing was considered here. Applying Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (K.V.L) to the circuit: = à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[4] Equation [4] was rearranged giving the equation: = So, = -à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[5] Recall, for maximum symmetrical swing, that must increase and decrease by the same value. This implies that would therefore be equal to. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[6] Therefore, = -à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[7] So, 2=-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[8] Hence, =-) à ·2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[9] Where =15V and =1.5V Therefore = (15-1.5) à ·2 =13.5 à ·2 = 6.75V Ohms law was applied, = à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[10] The formula was rearranged to make the subject giving, = à ·, Since = 2mA Therefore, = (6.75V) à · 2mA = 3375à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Calculation for values of and The following shows the steps involved in determining the value of and . The circuit in figure 8 was firstly redrawn as shown in figure 9. This was done so that the Thevenins model of the circuit could be easily obtained. Figure 10 shows the Thevenins model for the circuit. Q1 2N3904 Vcc R1 R2 RE Rc Vcc Figure : Redrawn Circuit from Figure 8 Source: Electronic Workbench Software- Multisim Q1 2N3904 Vcc RTH Re Rc VTH Figure 10: Thevenins Model of the Circuit Source: Electronic Workbench Software From figure 9, Thevenins Theorem was applied for the resistance. This gave, = // à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[11] = ) à · à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[12] Below shows how an expression for was found. Since was in parallel with, therefore, the voltage across is the same as the voltage across. Voltage Divider Rule was applied to obtain: = à · ]* à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[13] K.V.L was applied to the circuit in figure 10, this resulted in, = ++à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[14] But = +à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[15] So, by substitution of equation [4] into equation [3] gives, = +++à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[16] Also, = ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[17] Substituting [17] in [16] gives, = ++ (ÃŽÂ ²+ = ++ (1+ÃŽÂ ² = + {1+ÃŽÂ ²)+ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[18] Rearranging [18] to make the subject of the formula gives, +{1+ÃŽÂ ²)+ = +{1+ÃŽÂ ²) =- Therefore, =- à · +{1+ÃŽÂ ²)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[19] Since hfe is high, to ensure that IB does not cause variations in VB, IB was chosen as one tenth . Also, Recall [15]:= + In transistor designs, the base current, , is made much smaller than the collector current. (recall from introduction). Hence, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[20] Since is therefore significantly smaller than, then, it can be said that is negligible when compared to. Therefore, it was assumed that was one tenth of. So =1/10 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[21] Since = 2mA Hence,=1/10 (2mA) So,= 0.2mA Since = I2, then, I2 = 0.2mA When the transistor is on, also known as being forward biased, there is a voltage drop of 0.7 volts across the base-emitter.i.e. = 0.7 volts. K.V.L was applied to the circuit in figure, V2=+à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[22] Ohms law was used, I2R2= +à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[23] The formula was rearranged to make R2 the subject, R2 =+) à · I2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[24] Since = 1.5V, = 0.7V and I2 = 0.2mA Then, I2R2= (1.5V +0.7V) Therefore, R2 = (1.5V +0.7V) à · 0.2mA R2 = 2.2V à · 0.2 mA Hence, R2 = 11kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ The Voltage divider rule was used to find the value of R1 So, VB =(R2 * ) à · (R1 +R2)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[25] The formula was rearranged to make R1 the subject. (R1 +R2) VB = (R2 * ) (R1 +R2) = (R2 * ) à · VB Therefore, R1 = [(R2 * ) à · VB ] R2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[26] So, R1= [(11kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ *15V)à · 2.2V] 11kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ R1= [(165000)à · 2.2] 11kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ R1= 75000-11000 Therefore, R1 =64000à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ R1 = 64kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ The following table shows the calculated and standard resistor values. The standard resistor values represent the resistors that are available. It is unlikely that stores have a 3.375kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resistor, hence a value close to it (3.6kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) would be chosen. Resistor Calculated Value (kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) Standard Value(kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) RE 0.75 0.75 RC 3.375 3.6 R1 64 62 R2 11 10 Table Showing Calculated and Standard Resistor values Now that R1 and R2 have been calculated, VTH , RTH and IB , can now be calculated. Recall [12] = ) à · à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[12] Therefore, RTH = (64k*11k) à · (64k+11k) RTH = 9386.667à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Recall [13] = à · ]* à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[13] Therefore, = [ 11k à ·(11k +64k)]* 15 = 2.2V Therefore, IB can now be found. Recall [19] =- à · +{1+ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[19] So, IB = 2.2 -0.7 à · (9386.667 + {1+230}(750) IB = 0.0082mA AC Analysis The following describes the operating conditions for the AC analysis. The AC analysis was done using h-parameters. The figure below shows the circuit used for AC analysis. Q1 2N3904 Vcc R1 R2 Re RE* Rc RL Co Ci CE Figure : Circuit used for AC Analysis Source: Electronic Workbench Software- Multisim The equivalent of this circuit is shown below. Figure 12: Equivalent Circuit Source: Electronic Workbench Software-Multisim Figure : Equivalent Circuit hfeIB R1 hie R2 Re Rc RL K.V.L was applied and the result was obtained. (Re and RE* were taken as a single resistor, RE) So, Vin= hie IBà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[27] And Vo= hfeIB(Rc//RL)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[28] Since voltage gain is given by, Av = à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[29] Therefore, Av = -hfeIB(Rc//RL) à · hie IBà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[30] Hence, Av =- hfe(Rc//RL) à · hieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[31] The value for Av was therefore found. In the transistor data sheet, using the graph of Input Impedance, it was seen that at a collector current, of 2mA, that the corresponding hie value was 2kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. The graph of Typical Pulsed Current Gain vs , hfe was 230. Av = 230( 3375//100000) à · 2000 Av = -230 ( 3265) à · 2000 Av = -(750950) à · 2000 Therefore, Av = 375.475 However, the design specified a voltage gain of 50. Since 375.475 is greater than 50, the resistor RE was split into two smaller resistors, Re and RE*. The resistor RE* was bypassed with a capacitor. (Page 28 shows theoretically how the introduction of the bypass capacitor reduces the gain of the amplifier.) Calculation of Re and RE* The following shows the method in which Re and RE* were determined K.V.L was applied to the circuit in figure 12. At the input, Vin = IBhie + (IB +hfeIB) Reà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[32] Vin = IB (hie + (1 +hfe) Re )à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[33] At the output, Vo = -IBhfe (Rc //RL)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[34] Therefore, voltage gain, Av = Voà · Vinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [29] Av = -IBhfe(Rc //RL) à · [IB(hie + (1 +hfe) Re )]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[35] [35] Simplified was to, Av = hfe(Rc //RL) à · [(hie + (1 +hfe) Re )]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[36] The formula,[36] was rearranged to make Re the subject. So, [(hie + (1 +hfe) Re )] = hfe(Rc //RL) à · Av [(1 +hfe) Re ] = [ hfe(Rc //RL) à · Av ] hie Therefore , Re = {[ hfe(Rc //RL) à · Av ] hie }à · (1+ hfe )à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[37] The appropriate values were substituted into the equation and the value of Re was determined. Since the desired gain is 50, hence, Av is substituted as 50. Re = {[ 230(3375 //100) à · -50 ] 2000 }à · (1+ 230) Re = {[ 230(3265) à · -50 ] 2000 }à · ( 231) Re = {[ 15019 ] 2000 }à · ( 231) Re = {13019}à · ( 231) Re = 56.359 Therefore, Re = 56à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Since RE = Re + RE*à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[38] Then , 750 = 56 + RE* Therefore, RE* = 694à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ The following table shows the calculated and standard resistor values for Re and RE*. The standard values represent the values of resistors that were available. Resistor Calculated value (kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) Standard value (kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) Re 0.056359 0.056 RE* 0.694 0.680 Table Showing Calculated standard resistor value Calculation for Capacitor values, Ci ,Co and CE The following shows the steps involved in the calculations of Ci , CO and CE. Ci and CO act as decoupling capacitors in the circuit. The power supply decoupling capacitors filter undesired electronic signals which have been coupled onto the power supply voltage. (Kelly and Emad 1998). Essentially, what this means is that the decoupling capacitors block the DC voltage while permitting the AC to flow. This prevents the DC signal from affecting the bias. Also, it blocks the DC from reaching the AC input source. The main function of the bypass capacitor was to reduce the gain of the amplifier to the desired value. Without the bypass capacitor, the gain of the amplifier was given by, Av =- hfe(Rc//RL) à · hieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[31] With the introduction of the bypass capacitor, the gain was now denoted by, Av = hfe(Rc //RL) à · [(hie + (1 +hfe) Re )]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[36] From these two equations, since the numerator is the same, and the denominator is larger in [36], hence, the value of Av would be smaller. Therefore, the gain would be reduced with the introduction of the bypass capacitor. Also, the bypass capacitor is to filter out noise at high frequencies. Basically, as the frequency of a signal increases and the pulse width decreases, the impedance of the capacitor decreases and the bypass capacitor acts as a short circuit to these high frequency charges. The dissipation of high frequency charge is related to the value of the capacitor and the subsequent series resistance associated with it. (Wenzel et al.1997.) Firstly, when a particular capacitor was being analyzed, (to be calculated), the other two capacitors were considered as short circuits. This was done so that the effect of the individual capacitor on the circuit could be analyzed. Capacitors act as short circuits, allowing current to flow through them and bypassing the component. The reactance of a capacitor, Xc, is given by, Xc =1à · (2à Ã¢â€š ¬fC)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[39] where f is the frequency. There would be a voltage drop across the capacitor. With respect to the capacitor at the input, this voltage drop across the capacitor would therefore limit the voltage across the resistors R1 and R2 .Hence , reduce the voltage being sent to the input of the amplifier to be amplified. It is desired that the maximum voltage possible, be sent to the input to be amplified. Since this voltage drop across the capacitor limits the voltage being sent to the input, it is therefore desired that the voltage drop across the capacitor be negligible in comparison to the input impedance of the circuit. Hence, the reactance of the capacitor was assumed to be one tenth of the input impedance, Zi. So, for capacitor Ci, , Reactance Xci = 1/10 Zià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[40] In figure 12 , the input impedance Zi is given by, Zi = R1 //R2//hieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[41] In the transistor data sheet, using the graph of Input Impedance, it was seen that at a collector current, of 2mA, that the corresponding hie value was 2kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. Therefore, Zi = 64kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦//11kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦//2kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Zi =9.387kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦//2kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ So, Zi = 1.649kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Now, Xci = 1/10 Zi Hence, Xci = 1/10(1.649kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) So, Xci = 164.9à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Recall [39], Xc =1à · (2à Ã¢â€š ¬fC) Therefore, Xci =1à · (2à Ã¢â€š ¬fCi) The formula was rearranged to make Ci the subject. 2à Ã¢â€š ¬fCi =1à · Xci Therefore, Ci = 1à · (Xci *2à Ã¢â€š ¬f)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[41] Since f represents the lower cut off frequency, which was given as 100Hz. Hence the value for Ci was found. C i= 1à · (Xci *2à Ã¢â€š ¬f) Ci = 1à · (164.9 *2à Ã¢â€š ¬{100}) Ci = 1à · (103609.726) Ci = 0.00000965F So, Ci = 9.65uF A similar method was used to find CO. The reactance of the capacitor was considered negligible in comparison the output impedance. This was done so that there would be a minimal voltage drop across the capacitor and the maximum output voltage dropped across the load resistor, RL. So, XCO = 1/10 ZO, (similar to [40] ) Where ZO= (RC//RL) Then, ZO= (3.375kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦//100kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) So ZO= 3.265kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Since XCO = 1/10 ZO Then, XCO = 1/10(3.265kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ XCO =326.5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Now, XCO =1à ·(2à Ã¢â€š ¬fCO) The formula was rearranged to make CO the subject. The result was as follows. CO = 1à · (XCO *2à Ã¢â€š ¬f) Therefore CO =1à ·(326.5 *2à Ã¢â€š ¬*100) CO = 4.87uF Similarly, for CE. The reactance of the capacitor was considered negligible in comparison the output impedance. This was done so that there would be a minimal voltage drop across the capacitor and the maximum output voltage dropped across the resistor, Re. XCE = 1/10 Re XCE = 1/10 (56) XCE = 5.6à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Since , XCE = 1à · (2à Ã¢â€š ¬fCE) The formula was rearranged to make CE the subject. The result was as follows. CE= 1à · (XCE*2à Ã¢â€š ¬f) CE = 1à · (5.6*2à Ã¢â€š ¬*100) CE = 284uF The following table shows the calculated, standard and the chosen capacitor values for Ci ,Co and Ce . Capacitor Calculated Value (uF) Standard Capacitor Value(uF) Capacitor value chosen (uF) Ci 9.65 10 ,47 47 Co 4.87 4.7 4.7 Ce 284 330 330 Table Showing Calculated and Standard Capacitor values The standard capacitor values represent the capacitor values that were available in stores. It is generally rare to find a capacitor value of exactly 4.87uF, hence a value of 4.7uF was chosen. The value of Ci was chosen to be 47uF instead of 10uf to ensure that the frequency was not exceeded. From the equation, C i= 1à · (Xci *2à Ã¢â€š ¬f), it was noticed that if that capacitor value was increased, the frequency would decrea