Essay on Dr. Helene Gayle and the Aids Epidemic - 907 Words

NAME: Sherry Title of Case: Dr. Helene Gayle and the AIDS Epidemic Author: Norma M. Riccuccl 1. This case discussed Dr. Helene D. Gayle’s career that is fighting with AIDS epidemic, and stated that how Dr. Gayle successfully utilized the effective managerial leadership in her position. In my opinion, this case not only propagandizes that these infectious diseases, such as AIDS, STD, and TB, for humans and the whole world are still a huge challenge, but introduces that Dr. Gayle’s personal magnetism charisma and leadership on managing her teams and preventing AIDS all over the world. Thus, this case is very important because it teaches us that a public leader or supervisor who only has managerial skills is not enough; meanwhile, they†¦show more content†¦For example, she knows the impact of discrimination against African American in this country, so she decides to study psychology, medical degree, and Master of Public Health because she wants to use the power of knowledge to help and care about much people, especially the vulnerable groups; furthermore, she is a very likable, dedicated, and selfless person, so these personalities make her colleagues like to work with her and respect her. The second reason is she understands how to flexibly manage her work groups and AIDS projects and effectively negotiate with different public or private sectors. For instance, she knows the importance of collaborating with communities, government agencies, and private sectors, and her effective collaborating skills help her build a good relationship with these social groups and people; moreover, she recognizes the development of each AIDS program should adopt to the political environment and her work will face a number of formidable obstacles, so she makes flexible managerial methods to overcome the problems and set short-term goals or long-term strategies to adapt the political realities. The third reason is her risk spirit and successful leadership. As Dr. Gayle said, â€Å"you have to be willing to take risks inShow MoreRelatedLeading The Figh t Against Aids Epidemic : Global Achievements Of Dr. Helene Gayle1427 Words   |  6 Pages Leading the Fight Against the AIDS Epidemic: Global Achievements of Dr. Helene Gayle Rebecca A. Abbott Northern Arizona University â€Æ' Abstract This paper examines the international health threat posed by AIDS and HIV. Utilized were resources accessed online (Internet) as well as printed publications. Research focused on the efforts made by international humanitarian, Dr. Helene Gayle, to make a difference in a lot of people’s lives. Realizing the need for action, this physician and epidemiologistRead MoreEssay Case Study: Effective Managerial Leadership1205 Words   |  5 Pagesaffected Dr. Gayle in establishing legislation to fight the AIDS epidemic as is presented in the case study Managing Across Boundaries: A Case Study of Dr. Helene Gayle and the AIDS Epidemic. Main Political Forces That Were Faced The case study being analyzed presents Dr. Gayle’s career as a public administrator who throughout her career has raised awareness to the increasing social problem of the AIDS epidemic. Furthermore, the case study presents several political forces that Dr. Gayle had toRead MoreChief Of The National Center For Hiv, Std, And Tb Prevention1097 Words   |  5 Pagespositions as leaders, in the case of Dr. Helen Gayle, who was the director of the National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHSTP) at the U.S. Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Managing across boundaries). In her recent assignment she was credited with innumerable accomplishments in the battle against HIV/AIDS and other contagious diseases not only in the United States but globally as well (Managing across boundaries). In the case of Dr. Helen Gayle addresses main political, social

Michael Moore s Fahrenheit 9 / 11 - 1450 Words

Michael Moore’s documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 is a visual that critiques President George W. Bush’s regime, particularly with regard to the handling of the â€Å"war on terror.† Moore stresses the questionable ethical nature of the post-9/11 policies put in place by the Bush administration, particularly as they give a new meaning to the U.S. relationship between censorship and freedom. In this manner, the documentary challenges the Bush’s administration construction of America’s morality as self-serving and ultimately elitist. The film contends that Americans were deceived during the push for war with Afghanistan and Iraq since no weapons of mass destruction existed, and Saddam Hussein was never a threat to the security of the United States (Weber, 2006, p. 115). According to the film, Iraq had no connection to the September 11, 2001 attacks, and that the Iraqi government, under the presidency of Saddam, had fewer people compared to that under Bush. S tated differently, Moore contends that far from being the leading defender of human rights, America has turned into a willing participant in acts of torture of prisoners. The film uses the themes of elitism and vengeance in critiquing the Bush Administration. The Central Themes in the Film Elitism The film portrays President Bush, and indeed the entire United States government during the time, as engaging in acts of crime. Moore recollects the Bush’s administration response to 9/11, which included the war in Afghanistan, the enactmentShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Michael Francis Moore s The Columbine High School Massacre 1139 Words   |  5 PagesBorn in 1954, Michael Francis Moore is an American documentary filmmaker. His opening documentary, Roger Me, â€Å"launched his career as one of America’s best-known and most controversial documentarians† (In IMDB). However, his documentary that studies the events of the Columbine high school massacre is what put him on the map. 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Corporate Governance Organization and Humanistic †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance Organization and Humanistic. Answer: Introduction Corporate governance is very crucial for the success of any organization corporate governance. The board of directors dictates corporate governance of a company. This, therefore, requires that the board to constitute of the mechanisms that ensure that the best people are appointed to the boardroom. The topic of corporate governance was first developed in the 1930s but came to be popularized in the 1970s. The aim of corporate governance is to achieve the best practices within an organization that promotes productivity. The practices which are developed by the board are meant to balance the interest of stakeholders and at the same time provide a framework that helps attain the company's objective (Arnold, 1997). The case is not of any difference at OPTUS Australia, the company that strives for sustainability in their customers, employees, and employees. The company has a Corporate Responsibility group that was formed in 2010 and provides strategic leadership, governance, and oversight. This group also helps to drive the agenda by ensuring that the companys agendas are aligned with the business strategy. The paper will provide an oversight of corporate governance at Optus Australia and how it can be used to enhance business practices (Blant, 2013). Corporate governance is a structure through which direction and control of a company are attained. The board of directors of a company normally exercises corporate governance. The shareholders appoint the board of directors as well as the auditors who then form a governance structure that represents the interest of the shareholders (Cadbury, 2011). The role of corporate governance in a company involves: Setting the strategic aims of the company, providing leadership by affecting the strategies, conducting supervisory duties on the company management and reporting to the shareholders in regards to their stewardship. Therefore, corporate governance is about how a company sets its values and its strategies to ensure it is aligned to the desired direction. Corporate governance for the listed companies is a requirement by law. A good corporate governance is one that considers the control of a company regardless f it is a requirement by law or not. This is because corporate governance improves transparency and accountability between the organization and its stakeholders. In summary, the role of corporate governance can be simplified to the role of the board of directors (Cadbury, 2011). These roles include: Governance; where the board establishes the structure as well as the response that help to fulfill board responsibilities, which aim to address the stakeholders interests Strategy; which involve advising the management in developing strategies and plans that are aligned with the goals of the organization as well as the stakeholders. Performance: where the board reviews and approves company strategies, financial plans, and the annual operating plans. The board also conducts an assessment on the performance of the management based on the established budgets and the alignment to the company's goal. Integrity, the board is responsible for setting the ethical standards of a company of which it passes over to the management for policy and procedure implementation. These policies are designed to promote legal compliance and promote honesty. Talent, the board overseas talent programs within an organization especially those related to executive leadership as well as the potential successor to the CEO. Risk governance, the board monitors the risk exposure on strategy, operations, and finance and works together with the management in determining the risk appetite, tolerance, and alignment with strategic goals (Turnbull, 2012). Better management and fewer ethical and or legal problems are one of the benefits of corporate governance. This involves setting values that limit these issues. Corporate governance improves reputation in a way that more stakeholders become willing to work with your organization. The stakeholders might include the media who can promote the business government and suppliers. This process is further promoted through information sharing which is viewed as information sharing. This makes people feel more confident while engaging in business dealings(Dorcas, 2017). Corporate governance ensures fewer fines, penalties, and lawsuits through policies and regulations that take a specific step to file complaints within the local and state rules. Corporate governance decreases conflicts and fraud as it limits the potential bad conduct of employees by putting in place laws that mitigate fraud and conflict of interests. For instance, a Company's governance might forbid loans to officers and family members or hiring of family members (S?tiblar, 2016). Reduction of wastage is also realized within an organization once corporate governance is put in place. This is due to the set guidelines and structures that are meant to guide the execution of activities hence reducing the wastage of resources (Gerald, 2017). Mitigation of risks and mismanagement, as the board of governance, lays down a structure and provide the way forward; it helps in reducing risks as well as mismanagement within the organization. Finally, there are increased economic benefits, which result from increased trust within the community. Even though the benefit is long-term, corporate governance is very crucial for profit making organizations The limitations of corporate governance The establishment of corporate governance within an organization leads to increased operation cost due to increased administrative requirements. This is due to the duties of the board that includes entering into contracts and financial agreements (Slater, 2015). The separation of management and ownership is another limitation of corporate governance that could hurt the organization in the end. The separation poses an agency problem in that the board of directors especially in corporations that trade stocks publicly. The directors are torn in between maximizing the shareholder's wealth and maximizing personal benefits from the company success (Goodijk, 2015). Misrepresentation of information to avoid paying high taxes or affect the value of the company shares through trading assets between the parent and subsidiary to increase or decrease the amount of revenues and assets. This limits the effectiveness of corporate within the organization (Harisson, 2017). The extensive misuse of power that has been delegated to the company has contributed to the development of laws that prevent the misuse. However complying with each and every of this policies or laws is very costly and demanding for many organizations. Insider trading is another problem that has largely been associated with corporate governance. This happens when officials who have access to highly confidential information, sells it to an outsider. This might lead to an impact on the company's shares as well as its value. Insider trading can also occur when a person with access to the companys share information sells the shares to a person unknowingly (Kelvin, 2017). Using corporate governance to enhancing business practice with the Optus Australia organization Corporate governance is a system that governs and leads the corporation towards the realization of its goals. The objective of corporate governance is to increase accountability to avoid massive disasters. The disasters might include bankruptcy and lawsuits. Corporate governs ensures that problems are promptly addressed, and all the stakeholders are involved. All these actions help in enhancing business practices at Optus or any other organization (Mary, 2017). Other ways in which corporate governance can be used to enhance business practices is by recognizing the role of shareholders in maintaining the companys stock price. This will eliminate the normal trend of brushing away shareholders with little impact on stock prices and allowing a way for shareholders with the majority shares to move their interest. This will not only favor the minority shareholders but also increase the popularity of Optus Australia. The consideration of other stakeholders is also another way of ensuring corporate governance has been well incorporated into the business practices. This is attained by creating a good relationship through addressing the non-shareholder stakeholders, which creates harmony with the community as well as the press (Melis, 2015). Corporate governance ought to make a unanimous decision involving business strategies, therefore corporate governance requires that the board of directors at Optus be on the same page. Optus is a successful organization in Australia. However, the success can be further be enhanced through corporate governance, which will help to make sure that apart from attaining higher profits, the organization also ensures the sustainability of the organization. This may include ensuring that the staff is well paid, civil and legal issues are well addressed through establishing a code of conduct regarding ethical decisions (Morroni, 2013). Once the Optus Australia organization has embraced the corporate governance into ifs business practices, it will also ensure transparency within the organization. This means that financial records and earnings reports will be stated clearly and without exaggeration. Having transparency within the organization helps to increase the public confidence and avoid Ponzi schemes (Simon, 2013). Conclusion In conclusion, corporate governance acts as the control station for a plane which is the Optus organization. Without proper directions and controls from the directors, the organization is prone to face a lot challenges along the way. The company not only does it face challenges but slows its growth and even at times, it lead to stagnated growth. Therefore regardless of whether the company is listed or not, the presence of corporate governance is very crucial and should be included in the business practices of the organization. Optus should thus grab the opportunity as well as the benefits of having corporate governance to take their success to the next level. References Arnold, F. (1997). Corporate Governance Update.Corporate Governance,5(1), 46-48. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00040 Blant, K. (2013). Corporate Governance Report: Corporate Governance Principles -a Japanese view.Corporate Governance,7(2), 209-214. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00149 Cadbury, S. (2011). The Corporate Governance Agenda.Corporate Governance,8(1), 7-15. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00175 Dorcas, S. (2017).Why is Corporate Governance Important?.BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved 10 May 2017, from https://www.businessdictionary.com/article/618/why-is-corporate-governance-important/ Gerald, F. (2017).The Role and Benefits of a Corporate Governance Framework. Retrieved 10 May 2017, from https://deloitte.wsj.com/riskandcompliance/2013/05/24/the-role-and-benefits-of-a-corporate-governance-framework/ Goodijk, R. (2015). Corporate Governance and Workers' Participation.Corporate Governance,8(4), 303-310. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00209 Harisson, K. (2017).The Disadvantages of Corporate Governance.Smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved 10 May 2017, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-corporate-governance-76573.html Kelvin, J. (2017).The Drawbacks Of Corporate Governance | The Best Practice Network Guidelines | The Best Practice Network.Best-practice.com. Retrieved 10 May 2017, from https://www.best-practice.com/compliance-best-practices/corporate-compliance/the-drawbacks-of-corporate-governance/ Mary, G. (2017). Corporate Governance Report: Corporate Governance in the Netherlands.Corporate Governance,5(4), 236-238. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00066 Melis, A. (2015). Corporate Governance in Italy.Corporate Governance,8(4), 347-355. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00213 Morroni, M. (2013).Corporate governance, organization and the firm(1st ed.). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Simon, A. (2003). Corporate Governance Update.Corporate Governance,11(2), 149-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00016 Slater, J. (2015).Governance(1st ed.). New York: Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies. S?tiblar, F. (2016).Vpliv lastnis?tva na uspes?nost corporate governanance bank v Sloveniji(1st ed.). Turnbull, S. (2012). The Science of Corporate Governance.Corporate Governance,10(4), 261-277. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00291

Shakespeares use of minor characters in Macbeth and Othello Essay Example

Shakespeares use of minor characters in Macbeth and Othello Paper Shakespeare tends to use his minor characters to allow a brief interlude of comic relief in his tragedies. However, these minor characters are also pivotal characters through which Shakespeare can convey much deeper and darker meanings to the audience whilst using black humour. The minor characters of the Porter in Macbeth and the Clown in Othello are both seen as comic characters whose main purpose would initially be expected as bringing comedy to the stage, yet the scenes in which they are involved and the characters themselves are much more significant than may first appear. Shakespeare is using these minor characters to contrast the element of dark comedy with tragedy enabling the two to become indistinguishable, allowing a sense of movement between the comedy, which creates the feeling of relief, therefore heightening the dramatic tension and the tragedy. The Porter in Macbeth enters the stage immediately following the murder of King Duncan. The Porters use of prose as opposed to verse and his frequent crude jokes and poor style of language, coupled with his short appearance and lack of stage space, resulted in him generally being ignored by much earlier critics. However there is layered meanings to this scene, enabling it to be interpreted in a number of ways, for technicality purposes or to further establish the character of Macbeth, and without it, the themes of the play do not hold as much significance. Although the scene is a mere 40 lines long, it is a dividing point of Macbeth, and one of the most debatable scenes in the entire play. The Porter Scene occurs at the start of Act II, and is multi-functional serving both practical technicalities and hidden meanings in the more sinister elements of the play. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares use of minor characters in Macbeth and Othello specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares use of minor characters in Macbeth and Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares use of minor characters in Macbeth and Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Shakespeare includes these comic scenes in his plays for a variety of reasons, and they are much more purposeful than merely adding some humour and lightening the mood. The location of this scene adds to the peculiarity of it and defamiliarizes the situation to the audience making events feel out of time and in the wrong space, resulting in possibility for its many interpretations. The scene immediately follows Macbeths offstage killing of Duncan and therefore, in terms of technicalities, without this scene Macbeths dress cannot be shifted nor his hands washed (Capell, 13). This is a very practical reason for the inclusion of the Porter yet minor characters were often included to enable the major characters to fulfil something or to support the actions of the major characters. This also delays the audiences as well as the other characters discovering the murder of King Duncan and therefore enables Macbeth to change his clothes; not only hidden from the audience but also to disguise and prolong the fact that he has committed the murder. However, if these are the solo reasons for the scenes existence a character who causes delay need not to be a drunken porter, (Muir). Therefore there must be a deeper meaning for such a comical character in a drunken state, which despite performing a series of comical actions could be considered as anti-comic. The fact that Macbeths brutal slaying of Duncan immediately precedes his entrance locates the Porter as the true test of comedy that shall awaken thoughtful laughter. (Meredith, 994). Whilst providing comic relief, the scene is also as a transition period for the audience as the action moves from the intensity of the murders to the drama that follows, acting as a paradox to add to the tension not only on stage between the characters but also with the audience. The use of light humour in the porters soliloquy intensifies the suspense as opposed to merely creating humour and increases the effectiveness of the transition which would not have as much meaning if every minute of the play contained violence and intense drama. Although the Porter initially appears as a drunken fool who is nothing more than an idiot, Shakespeare is actually providing the audience with a much deeper understanding of the themes of the play through some of the Porters comments. One reading of the Porter is to take his comments literally and to read him as a porter of Hell Gate (II. i. 3), not just a porter of the gates of Inverness Castle. This then links to the meaning of Hell and whether it is the place he is referring to or Macbeths state of mind. If the purpose of the Porter is to represent the state of Macbeths mind at this vulnerable time, then the Porter can also be seen as taking on the role of Macbeths interrogator. (Chahidi) Macbeth is under a lot of pressu re from both Lady Macbeth and his own guilt and conscience after having killed King Duncan, therefore the Porters talk of hell and damnation are things that will be at the forefront of his mind. The fact that the Porter immediately converts to the role of a regular, drunken porter at Macduff and Lennoxs arrival, may be representative of the dual personality that Macbeth is going to require; the public Macbeth and the private, murderous Macbeth; who has given himself up to the devil due to the amount of evil within him. This representation of the Porter as Macbeths disorderly state of mind may be why he regards his job as a porter of hell-gate. The house has become a house of hell due to it being owned by Macbeth. The Porters drunken stupor, coupled with the fact that the conversation turns to talk of drink and sex upon the arrival of Macduff and Lennox, enables Shakespeare to contrast the Porter with the other characters, including Macbeth, and declaring him to as a character who is of a lower social class and an uneducated member of society. The intensity of Macbeths sins and crimes are also intensified by the Porter whose sins are merely innocent drinking and fornication as opposed to the cold, evil crimes within the castle. The Porters simple vices establish an ethical distance between ordinary humanity and Macbeth. (Harcourt) During his speech, the Porter mentions three professions, a farmer, a tailor, and possibly the most important, the equivocator. The choice of these professions is not a mere coincidence but a result of their importance to the dramatic situation and Macbeths character. The first, .. a farmer that hanged himself on thexpectation of plenty (II. iii. 7-8) parallels Macbeths earlier state of mind in Act 1 Scene VII. He struggles to cope with the amount of evil and the great sin he is committing because of his conscience, and as a result of which, he depends upon his drive and ambition to help him fulfil the evil deed, I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition which oerlaps and falls on thother (I. vii. 25-26). It is only his internal drives that lead Macbeth to his downfall; there are no real external necessities or factors causing Macbeth or the farmer to resort to such drastic actions. The inclusion of the tailor and his thieving may relate to the fact that Macbeth is stealing Duncans place on the throne and will be dressed in borrowed robes. (I. iii. 108) This image of clothes is used a number of times throughout the play and is also a recurring symbol in the Porters speech who refers to a French hose. (II. iii. 13) The most important of the professions mentioned by the Porter is evidently the equivocator, that could swear in both the scales against either scale, who committed treason enough for Gods sake, yet could not equivocate Heaven. II. iii. 8-9) These words are heavily laden with the element of sin and the treason of the equivocator paralleling the treason of Macbeth murdering the King. At the end of the play, Macbeth will have to pay for his crimes but unlike the equivocator who was able to equivocate Heaven, Macbeths punishment will be eternal. The Porters status as a minor character is justifiable due to his short presence in the play, yet his presence can also be seen as a continuance of the supernatural elements throughout the play. The clown disappears without a word: we might say that he vanishes, like the witches, when his many tasks are complete. (Brown) This interpretation of the Porter as a continuation or product of the witches is intensified in certain productions of the play as some directors have chosen to have the same actor play both the part of a witch as well as the Porter. Very often it is the actors own depiction of the Porter that determines his characteristics resulting in it being interpreted in many different ways. As Shakespeare does not specify how he wants the character to played it may be that this was his original intention. Paul Chahidi who played the role of the Porter as well as one of the witches believed that the Porters speech was included in order to give a voice to all of Macbeths thoughts and imaginings after the murder (Chahidi), which have ironically come about as a result of the witches prophecies, voiced by the same actor. Following an analysis of the character of the Porter and the scene in which he is located, it is evident that this minor character is very important as he is included at such a significant and pivotal point in the play. He serves a much greater purpose than merely making the audience laugh. The introduction of a character such as the porter enables Shakespeare to juxtapose moments of humour with moments of tragedy. Without these elements of humour, the language would not carry the same connotations or meaning, resulting in it being less effective. Macbeth is not the only play to have a minor character; whose presence is so brief that they do not even qualify for an individual name or title; playing such a momentous role and it is especially common in Shakespeares tragedies. These arguments of the purpose of minor characters are also supported by the role of the Clown in Othello who is equally more important and significant than first suggested. The function of the Clown in Shakespeares Othello can also be queried as although it is initially conveyed as a character who provides humour and some comic relief, the poor quality of the jokes and the fact that they result in very little humour, leaves the audience questioning Shakespeares intentions of including a character who initially appears insignificant and useless. The Clown works as a servant in Othellos household and therefore has a dual role as both entertainer and servant. He makes two appearances in the play, the first being in Act 3 Scene I and the second later in the same act, in Scene IV, as opposed to the Porter in Macbeth who only appears in the one scene. However, despite making two appearances the total amount of dialogue spoken by the Clown only equals the equivalent of approximately twelve lines. The Clowns first appearance establishes him in his servant role, defamiliarizing the audiences image and purpose of a clown. However, the way in which these servants duties are performed and his choice of language carrying comic connotations, helps to re-establish him as a clown and therefore a comical character in the play. The Clowns speech is not as straight forward as first appears as Shakespeare has employed the use of puns with almost every statement he makes. The Clowns opening line and introduction to the audience is whilst making a derogatory comment about the musician performance, Why masters have your instruments been in / Naples that they speak I th nose thus? (III. i. 4) This line is suggestive of the comical scene that lies ahead, which is enforced by the imminent need of some humour and comic relief at such an intense point of the play, following Cassio and Roderigos fight. Granville-Barker justified the inclusion of the Clown at this point as being : For relaxation before the tense main business of the tragedy begins we next have Cassio in the early morning bringing musicians to play beneath Othellos window (a pleasant custom, and here what delicate amends! ), to this being added the grosser, conventional japes of the Clown. Granville-Barker). Othellos distaste for the music and the fact that the Clowns entrance evolves around music, relates to Shakespeares conceptions of peace ad agreement in terms of music played or sung in tune, and of disagreement and conflict in terms of music out of tune. (Prager) Othello does not want to be soothed by the tune and therefore does not want any music, showing that he is evidently in a state of disarray. The Clown refers to the music as nasal, reminding the audience of the intensity of the conflict between the characters. The Clown is immediately established as being different to Shakespeares other comical characters. His dialogue is generally directed at other characters on stage without the need for him to soliloquize his speeches, and the puns and innuendos he makes are also aimed at the other characters who in turn respond to the Clown. The response of these on stage characters also helps the audience to further develop their understanding of them, and therefore the role of the clown may not solely be for comical purposes and to provide a sense of relief to the play, but also to further establish the main characters. This is established from the moment the Clown appears and he is left alone with Cassio who asks if Dost thou hear me, mine hones friend? (III. i. 21) and the Clown responds with, No, I hear not your honest friend. I hear you. (III. i. 22) This manipulation of honesty is a central theme in Othello and conveys the use of the Clown as a tool for establishing the other characters to the audience and intensifying the element of irony in the play. If Othello trusted his honest friends as opposed to the dishonest Iago the play would not have such a tragic outcome and the events that unfold would be quite different. Cassios response to the Clown further establishes Cassio himself as someone who does not like humour and is in fact a very serious person, contrasting entirely with the Clown. This serious aspect to Cassios character and his inability to partake in humour may contribute to his actions in later scenes. The Clowns later appearance in Act 3 Scene iv and his exchange with Desdemona, also contains dialogue laden with these puns, which relates to the earlier events, proceeding the speech and continues to emphasise the themes of honesty and lies. Despite the element of humour in this scene; reminding the audience that the main purpose of the Clown is to provide a moment of relief amidst all the tension; the Clowns choice of language and jokes also develops Desdemona as a sentimental, emotional character who is portrayed as nai ve and someone who readily believes what she is told and readily believes those she thinks she can trust. This results in Iago being able to manipulate her so easily. When asked of Cassios location, the Clown states that he dare not say he lies anywhere, (III. iv. and Desdemona takes his statement literally, replying, Why man? (III. iv. 3), again showing her naivety. Although the lying that the Clown is referring to is where Cassio is located, the context in which it is spoken and the earlier representation of the Clown, suggests to have a double meaning relating to telling a lie. The irony of this speech and fact that it is stated in the same sentence as stabbing Cassio, He is a soldier and for one to say a soldier lies, is stabbing. (III. iv. 7) is heightened by the later events in the play when Iago actually stabs Roderigo, a soldier, in Act 5. The way in which the Clown plays with the truth results in it being more believable and effective, enables the audience to understand Shakespeares intentions for what lies ahead and the subtle hints he provides about the events still to come. It is this black humour, which comes about as a result of Shakespeares education in Greek classics and literature that enables the incorporation of comedy or humour into the tragedies, Shakespeare loved Latin and Greek literature. What he had been taught at school he remembered, he improved his knowledge afterwards by reading translations. (Highet) This helps to maintain the attention of the audience and heightens the intensity of the dramatic moments. The use of these two minor characters is to provide elements of humour yet it also evident that the techniques employed by Shakespeare enable them to have a dual purpose. As is the fool in King Lear, who plays a larger role than the Clown and the Porter whilst still maintaining the position of minor character, the voices of these characters speak directly to the audience connecting the events of the play and reminding the audience of any subtle suggestions they may have missed or not understood. Whilst some critics view the insertion of these minor characters and comical elements as interrupting the actions, it can be argued that they in fact add to the tragedy and sinister moments. They are not there purely for comical reasons but to serve a purpose in terms of structure and theatrical necessity (Playnotes). It is through these minor characters that the brief moments of comic relief are seen. No matter how small or what the underlying meanings may be at these points of the plays they still provide a sense of humour and relieve the intensity of the drama.

Self Reliance Essays - Eddic Poetry, Lokasenna,

Self Reliance There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better, for worse, as his portion; that though the wide universe is full of good, no kernel of nourishing corn can come to him but through his toil bestowed on that plot of ground which is given to him to till. The power which resides in him is new in nature, and none but he knows what that is which he can do, nor does he know until he has tried. Not for nothing one face, one character, one fact, makes much impression on him, and another none. This sculpture in the memory is not without preestablished harmony. The eye was placed where one ray should fall, that it might testify of that particular ray. We but half express ourselves, and are ashamed of that divine idea which each of us represents. It may be safely trusted as proportionate and of good issues, so it be faithfully imparted, but God will not have his work made manifest by cowards. A man is relieved and gay when he has put his heart into his work and done his best; but what he has said or done otherwise, shall give him no peace. It is a deliverance which does not deliver. In the attempt his genius deserts him; no muse befriends; no invention, no hope. Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. Accept the place the divine providence has found for you, the society of your contemporaries, the connection of events. Great men have always done so, and confided themselves childlike to the genius of their age, betraying their perception that the absolutely trustworthy was seated at their heart, working through their hands, predominating in all their being. And we are now men, and must accept in the highest mind the same transcendent destiny; and not minors and invalids in a protected corner, not cowards fleeing before a revolution, but guides, redeemers, and benefactors, obeying the Almighty effort, and advancing on Chaos and the Dark. What pretty oracles nature yields us on this text, in the face and behaviour of children, babes, and even brutes! That divided and rebel mind, that distrust of a sentiment because our arithmetic has computed the strength and means opposed to our purpose, these have not. Their mind being whole, their eye is as yet unconquered, and when we look in their faces, we are disconcerted. Infancy conforms to nobody: all conform to it, so that one babe commonly makes four or five out of the adults who prattle and play to it. So God has armed youth and puberty and manhood no less with its own piquancy and charm, and made it enviable and gracious and its claims not to be put by, if it will stand by itself. Do not think the youth has no force, because he cannot speak to you and me. Hark! in the next room his voice is sufficiently clear and emphatic. It seems he knows how to speak to his contemporaries. Bashful or bold, then, he will know how to make us seniors very unnecessary. The nonchalance of boys who are sure of a dinner, and would disdain as much as a lord to do or say aught to conciliate one, is the healthy attitude of human nature. A boy is in the parlour what the pit is in the playhouse; independent, irresponsible, looking out from his corner on such people and facts as pass by, he tries and sentences them on their merits, in the swift, summary way of boys, as good, bad, interesting, silly, eloquent, troublesome. He cumbers himself never about consequences, about interests: he gives an independent, genuine verdict. You must court him: he does not court you. But the man is, as it were, clapped into jail by his consciousness. As soon as he has once acted or spoken with eclat, he is a committed person, watched by the sympathy or the hatred of hundreds, whose affections must now enter into his account. There is no Lethe for this. Ah, that he could pass again into his neutrality! Who can thus avoid all pledges, and having observed, observe again from the same unaffected, unbiased, unbribable, unaffrighted innocence, must always be formidable. He would utter opinions on all passing affairs, which being seen to be not private, but necessary, would sink like darts into the ear of men, and put them in fear. These are the voices which we hear in solitude, but they grow faint and inaudible as we enter into the

Technological society Essays

Technological society Essays Technological society Essay Technological society Essay Critically assess the contention that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation inevitably leads to deskilling. Although the deskilling debate only started in 1974, when Harry Bravermans thesis, Labour and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century was published, the causes for the argument had begun many years earlier, in the 1890s with the introduction of F. W Taylors ideas for reorganising work. Braverman (1920-1976) was a sheet metal worker, and a member of the American Communist party. It was his background in skilled trades that allowed him to analyse the changes that were taking place. As it was Braverman that first came up with the theory of deskilling, it is his definition that should be considered. His definition says that: skill represents the central asset possessed by workers, and that modern capitalist systems of work design, like Taylorism, degrade or deskill work, as a means of controlling and cheapening it. (Braverman, 1974). This Marxist analysis was a direct challenge to the long accepted views and implemented methods of Taylor. Braverman also argued that new technologies play a vital role in deskilling, and by working on new technologies workers build for themselves more modern, more scientific, more dehumanised prisons of labour. Taylor was an American engineer, who developed the idea of Scientific Management over 100 years ago. His principles of organising and controlling work recommended to managers that complex tasks needed to be split up into the maximum number of subtasks possible (Fincham Rhodes, 2005). There were other recommendations given by Taylor, namely the divorce of conception from execution. This told managers that All possible brainwork should be removed from the shop and centred in the planning or laying out department (Braverman 1974:113) It was this that Braverman heavily criticised, and so it must be looked at how the introduction of new technologies could cause this to happen. One of the best known and earliest examples of Taylorism in practice in the workplace is at General Motors plants at the start of the last century. By using Taylors methods, and introducing the assembly line, output increased from 8,700 in 1906 to 34,000 in 1911, 300,000 in 1914, rising to 1.9 million in 1923. (Tolliday Zeitlin, 1992) These massive increases in production came without the use of skilled labour, by 1914, over half the workforce were Southern and Eastern European immigrants, many of whom had no relevant experience, and spoke little or no English (Meyer, 1981). It would therefore seem like the introduction of new technology that caused the giant increases in output did not affect all workers in terms of deskilling, the majority of workers would probably have become more skilled due to their employment. However, labour turnover was at 370% and 71% of these workers left within their first week. These workers were probably most likely to be the unskilled immigrant workers that did not have the reliance on their wages that American workers had for their families. Therefore perhaps deskilling was less prominent than it would first seem due to the introduction of new technology and the assembly line. However, we must also consider why labour turnover was so high at Fords production plants in the early 1910s. Assembly line work is notoriously boring, partly due to the removal of creativity and craft from the workers, which much have been demoralising as these workers had initially been employed for having these qualities. Therefore, the high labour turnover experienced may have been due to workers leaving due to the deskilling that was evidently in existence, and them moving to other production industries that had not yet implemented new technologies. There are also recent examples of the introduction of new technologies into an organisation causing deskilling. In the field of law, in the past lawyers were expected to have a broad knowledge of the law, but today this is not possible due to the volume of legal material that is produced (Webb, 1996). Today, IT takes a much bigger role in a lawyers position, due to the changes in legal practice that have happened due to the technology that was not in existence 10 years ago. Due to the increase in IT, jobs that once required highly skilled employees can now be carried out by less qualified workers (Onwusah, 1997). So again we can see that deskilling has been caused due to the introduction of new technologies. It is important to consider the choice of new technology that is brought into an organisation to see whether it will lead to deskilling. As has been seen in the previous examples, the introduction of the assembly line in motor vehicle manufacturing and the introduction of IT into the practice of law and other professional industries, new technology has caused and created deskilling. However, in some circumstances deskilling would not be caused, but reskilling would occur. In order for new technology to be implemented in an organisation, employees need to have the skills in order to use the equipment. Through training, workers can learn new skills, which are more relevant in todays technological world. A clear example of reskilling can be seen in the field of design. In the past the drawing of plans was very time consuming and required great precision, if points were just 1mm wrong then the whole plan would have to be started again. Now, due to the introduction of Computer Aided Design (CAD) these workers have not only become reskilled, they can use their existing skills in addition to learning new techniques. Employees in this field still need their precision skills, for example when using graphics tablets, but will also gain skills in using the relevant software. This evidence would tend to suggest that the contention that the introduction of new technology into organisations leads to deskilling was incorrect, and that it would depend on what type of technology was introduced. If technology completely takes over a persons role in a company, or takes away the employees need to have particular skills then deskilling is likely to happen, on the other hand if the introduction of new technology can work alongside employees in order to assist and aid them in their work then reskilling is more likely to occur. The type of organisation that the new technology is to be brought into is also an important factor in deciding whether deskilling will be caused. As we have already seen, in the production of motor vehicles deskilling is caused by new technologies. This can also be seen in other secondary sector organisations, for example the textile industry. In the past everything would be sewn by hand, requiring much skill, whereas from the middle of the 19th century technology was introduced, reducing the need for skilled workers, and deskilling those already in the industry. However, if we look at tertiary sector organisations reskilling is probably more likely. In the medical profession, workers at all levels in an organisation are likely to have gained more skills due to the introduction of new technologies than becoming deskilled. At the lowest level, for example a receptionist in a GP surgery, records are now stored electronically as well as on paper, increasing the complexity of their work. Looking at a higher level, a GP still has to go through years of training to become fully qualified, and now also has to be computer literate, for example in order to produce prescriptions and use diagnostic software. In addition to this, developments in the technologies available to surgeons have meant that much more skilled operations can be carried out, which in turn has increased the skill requirements required to perform operations. On the other hand, if we look at another service occupation, the field of banking, obvious deskilling has taken place. A bank clerk was once a highly regarded profession, requiring years of training. However, today the banks have reduced their qualification requirements for recruits. This is due to the computer age, as all transactions can now be carried out electronically, removing the skills that were once required. It cannot therefore be said that the introduction of new technology will always lead to deskilling in an organisation, each individual situation would need to be looked at separately in order to decide upon this. As it has so far been difficult to quantify whether new technologies will lead to deskilling or not, it is helpful to look at and consider any research that has been carried out on this subject. Data from the Swedish Level of Living surveys that were carried out between 1968 and 1991 by a group at the Swedish Institute for Social Research is probably one of the most important tools available when looking at deskilling due to the introduction of new technology. The surveys had a sample size of around 3,000 people, who were in employment and of working age. The differences between classes of jobs is shown to be important when looking at whether deskilling takes place. This can be seen from the diagrams on the next page, produced using results from the survey. Diagrams from (Jonsson, 1998:614). As we can see from these charts, there is a mixture of deskilling and upskilling, which can be related to the social class of work. For both sets of data, the two social classes that have obviously been upskilled are W4, which is lower grade white collar workers, including typists and B2, which is unskilled manual workers, including assemblers and cleaners. This is also supported by other works, for example The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, which claims that blue collar work has been upgraded through automation and technical development (Bell, 1973). On the other hand if we take the class of W1, which is the upper service class, including engineers, employees opinions are that this field has been deskilled due to the introduction of new technology, supporting the contention. However, data is only available up to 1991, and if a survey were to be carried out today then I would expect due to the massive increase in information technology over the past 15 years that peoples opinions would have changed to that of upskilling. Bravermans thesis on deskilling suggested that due to the degradation of work from the introduction of new technology, employees became bored in their role. However, the Swedish research seems to oppose this, as can be seen from the table below: (Jonsson, 1998:613) Over the time period, for both men and women, the percentage of monotonous content in jobs has decreased, suggesting again that there has been a general upskilling of jobs, contesting Bravermans views. Nevertheless, it must be remembered that this is a general trend, and that some lower level white collar workers may experience deskilling, due to the impact that the introduction of new technologies has on their roles. Finally the idea that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation will inevitably lead to deskilling must be considered. Few things can ever be certain to happen, and from the evidence that we have seen, deskilling is probably unlikely to occur in todays ever expanding technological society. In conclusion, it would seem that the contention that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation inevitably leads to deskilling is incorrect, and each individual situation needs to be looked at in order to see if the contention can be proved, however it would appear as the world gains a greater reliance on technology, skills are not being decreased, but the type of skills required is changing.

Name and describe the stages of the human life cycle. How are these Essay

Name and describe the stages of the human life cycle. How are these stages different from what is seen in our closest relatives - Essay Example The initial phase of the human life sequence is birth. Before birth, a human being starts as a single cell. The human cells multiply and specialize into definite body parts preparing for the delivery of an infant. Birth happens after a fetus has developed for about 9 months from date fertilization (Prior, Erin and Lisa 23). The second stage of human cycle is the infancy. During this stage, the child depends entirely on others for his or her life and safety. Consequently, parents assume the duties of feeding, bathing and helping the child move from place to place. It is during this stage that the child starts learning essential concepts for surviving in the world (Sigelman and Elizabeth 28). The third stage includes the childhood that runs for about ten years. The child is mainly regarded as the toddler for the first two years after infancy. The child develops as he or she learns how to walk, talk and become independent. Primarily, persons grow attaining more freedom and responsibility as they build knowledge about selves. Furthermore, the person starts developing his or her personal intelligence and character at this stage (Ulijaszek 19). The fourth stage of the sequence corresponds to adolescence. This refers to the age between 12 to 18 years. The stage initiates with puberty where boys develop to become men and girls grow to be women. This is a very controversial stage of human cycle because the young people struggle to manage various changes occurring in their lives. The person may start experiencing growth spurts and emotional disorders emanating from the effort of search for personal identity, hormone production, and quest of higher independence. Furthermore, the human prepares for adulthood or for maturity in this stage. Consequently, the person is growing to his or her highest size and one becomes physically able to reproduce (Prior, Erin and Lisa 19). The firth stage is the adulthood that is the longest of the

Missouri Department of corrections rank among the highest in Research Paper

Missouri Department of corrections rank among the highest in recidivism - Research Paper Example By building cognitive skills the department has established the most effective intervention technique to address recidivism. The program aims at addressing issues such as decision making, successful relationships in the society and corrects thinking errors that result to criminal behaviors (Boehm, 2007). The cognitive behavioral program should target offenders’ attitude, anger, and beliefs. Peers, substance abuse, and they are more action oriented. These actions help the offender in replacing the negative actions and association with the new leant behaviors. A better prison education program is the most appropriate and recommended correction method for Missouri prison. The program should involve providing the inmates with education and skills that enable them to secure employment opportunities once they are out of prison. The state government should launch a program such as PERU (prison education revolutionary unit) that will ensure inmates acquire more skills in Automotive, Information Technology, Welding, Culinary Arts, and basic Engineering courses (Jackson & Lyons,  2007). The program will improve vocational education by availing highly trained, experienced, and skilled educationalists that will positively influence the lives of the prisoners. According to the studies by the University of Missouri, it was found that inmates who earned their General Educational Diploma Certificate (GED) in prison had a higher rate of getting employment and, consequently, less likely to repeated crime. The research showed a 33% decrease in the likel ihood of recidivism on the inmates who obtained a full-time job. Implementation of PERU will ensure that inmates acquire technical skills that will match the needs and preferences of the contemporary labor market and in a position to obtain employment. The PERU program will ominously improve prison vocational education and resolve the

My Favourite Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Favourite Place - Essay Example There are several places which are usually quoted as the rivers source. The first of which is the Thames head, which is close to the village of Kemble. Another is Seven Springs, which is near where the Churn River rises. In addition, many rivers, canals and brooks all feed the Thames. As previously stated, the river is long and also very wide, and goes through many cities, towns and villages. Some of them are Oxford, Abingdon, Lechlade, Wallingford, Reading, Eton, Marlow, Staines, Windsor, Henly-on-Thames, Weybridge and Maidenhead. .Among its crossings are various places like the Thames Barrier, Thames Tunnel, Tower Bridge, London Bridge, Millennium Bridge and many more. Furthermore, you can see many magnificent buildings from the Thames, one of them being the Parliament. The long Thames combines together so many features, so many sights, and so many architectural wonders and important structures built near it, that it is virtually impossible not to fall in love with it. It provides so much entertainment and pleasure to all of those who walk beside it on its walkways. The Thames has a unique charm that is, in my opinion, unmatched by any other place. Just by walking along the river, or sailing in it, it is possible to sense the wonderful atmosphere of the river, which is almost magical. Firstly, there is the London Millennium Footbridge, which links the Bankside with the city. Around it you can find many important places, both art-wise and religious-wise. These include the Tate Modern, which is Britains national museum of international modern are, Bankside gallery, a notable art gallery, the famous Globe Theatre, and also St. Pauls Cathedral, an undoubtedly architectural wonder, as well as the place where the Bishop of London sits. Secondly, the entire area of Greenwich is, in my opinion, quite charming. Greenwich attracts a lot of tourists, being known as the location of the Greenwich Mean

Crime Prevention Technology

Crime Prevention Technology Over the years, government agencies have sought ways to combat crime. Our Criminal Justice System is in a state of crisis due to prisons being over crowded. It is better to prevent a crime than to punish the individual for a crime once it has affected more parties. It is evident with the number of crimes reported in the media, instead of reducing the number of crimes taking place, it is increasing. That itself shows the urgency nations attention on crime prevention. Research indicates that certain individuals in society are more prone follow and maintain a criminal career. Furthermore, there appears seems to be with an obvious pattern among the individuals who have been jailed for committing serious crimes. For example men from disadvantaged backgrounds, with disloyal personalities and poor impulse control are regarded as having high risk personality to commit crime. As a result, it is important that Sri Lankan Criminal Justice System recognizes these high risk individuals and implement certain preventative measures to discourage them from a criminal path. 3. Today it has become important more than ever to control these individuals who are seriously damaging the nations will. As indicated by research, there appears to be a strong link between the seriousness of the act (ex, rape, armed robbery and murder etc.) committed by an individual and the number of times these individuals have come into contact with the Criminal Justice System. Therefore, it is easy to assume that the re-offending rates in Sri Lanka would be significantly higher. Hence, it is essential that the governing bodies work towards bringing down the rates of re-offending in Sri Lanka. With the help of modern technology this may become a more attainable goal. AIM 4. To indicate the role and importance of technology to prevent crimes and through that maintain law and order in Sri Lanka EXPLANATION ON CRIME 5. Crime could be defined as a breach of laws for which a countrys Criminal Justice System may ultimately enforce a guilty sentence. Crimes can be classified into felonies, misdemeanours and infraction. a. A felony is considered to be the most serious type of crime and it includes the issues related to assault, murder, rape, robbery etc. b. A Misdemeanours are less serious than felonies. It is therefore distinguished by the length or gravity of the punishment issued to the individual. These include simple assaults, Driving under the Influence of alcohol or drugs (more commonly known as DUI) and disorderly conduct in public. c. Infractions are the least serious type of crime. It includes common traffic offences, breaching speed limits. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRIME AND TECHNOLOGY 6. Advancement in technology appears to be a double edged sword as it has created a whole new spectrum of crime and this same technology helps the law enforcement combat, prevent to or capture these criminals. For example, in addition to dealing with crimes such as murder, robbery, rape law enforcement agencies are forced to deal with internet crimes such as internet hackers, internet stalkers, internet viruses and the use of the internet to cheat are the example of a few. On a positive aspect this same technology could be utilized to increase the power and range of the law enforcement agencies. For example, technology could be used to prevent certain types crime from happening to ultimately capturing these criminals who have committed the crime. 7. Surveillance videos, fingerprint technology and DNA evidence could also be used in a court of law to help send to prison and punish these individuals without relying solely on human witnesses. There were many experiences and so many stories where that human memory has had devastating influences on certain individuals who were wrongly confined. On a positive note, most of these wrongly accused have since been released from confinement with the help of modern technology such as DNA evidence and fingerprint evidence. WHAT ARE THE CRIMES IN SRI LANKA 8. According to the Sri Lankan Police website, during the year 2010 home invasions, theft and robbery, knife attacks, homicide attempts to commit suicide and grievous harm are among the crimes that predominately committed by the Sri Lankan population are probably indicative only of reported crime as culturally Sri Lankans are less likely to report personal crimes such as domestic assaults, rapes and childhood sexual assaults because of the disgrace attached to these crimes. For example, often people are either too afraid or too ashamed regarding the circumstances and therefore are less likely to seek help and support from authorities. USE OF TECHNOLOGY TO CURB CRIMES IN SRI LANKA AS AT PRESENT AND AREAS TO IMPROVE 9. Technology is already being used to obtain evidence and capture criminals. However, we do not use technology that much, to prevent crimes in comparison to post criminal activities. Law enforcement agencies rely heavily on fingerprinting technology and the Sri Lankan Criminal Justice System had recognizes these advancements in technology. For example, DNA, fingerprinting, through telephone call details, surveillance cameras, digital photos and videos are now recognized in a court of law. FINGERPRINT TECHNOLOGY 10. Fingerprint technology has been used for more than a century and the FBI in America have used fingerprinting technology as far as 1924 in criminal investigations. Even though, Sri Lankan law enforcement agencies didnt use fingerprinting technology that far back in time, but they have relied on this technology for the past few decades of time. 11. Fingerprinting technology is a relatively cheap and it is still considered to be one of the most reliable forms of evidence in a court of law. A persons individual appearance may change with time, but it is impossible to change an individuals fingerprint. That is the main motive for them to rely on this old technology this much. 12. As Sri Lanka is a developing country we are lack with many resources to use and same goes with expensive technology, even which are readily available to use in the first world nations. Fingerprinting technology is relatively low cost, therefore Sri Lanka doesnt need to depend on foreign countries and we have the technology too. That compels us to use it more as it is readily available within the country. 13. Currently, the Sri Lankan law enforcement agencies are in the process of storing fingerprints of criminals who are recognised by the court of law and these fingerprints are stored in databases for easy access and for future reference. The government has recognised the importance of fingerprinting technology. As a result they are in the process of introducing National Identity cards that have an individuals thumb print coupled with other information to help minimise identity theft and for easy identification. BIO METRIC TECHNOLOGY 14. DNA, infrared technology, face recognition are used widely in Western countries. These advanced technologies are used to help basically in preventing unauthorised access to sensitive information or restricted buildings and areas. At present Sri Lanka does not process the resources to use these mentioned technologies even though requirement highly exist. 15. However, DNA technology is used in Sri Lanka mainly to help identify individuals at a crime outlook. It has also been used in the past to confirm an individuals identity. A highly publicised example where DNA was used was during the 2004 Tsunami to identify the biological parents of an infant as several families claimed the infant belonged to them. 16. Unfortunately, Sri Lanka lacks the financial resources to use them on a regular basis. Currently what practise is, after collecting and securing DNA evidence it is sent to a foreign country to obtain the results. This can often be very expensive and highly time consuming. CLOSE CIRCUIT TELEVISION 17. Close Circuit Television or more commonly known as CCTV is relatively new in Sri Lanka. CCTV has the potential to help control criminal and disorderly behavior in community. Research conducted in this area states that CCTV cameras help prevent crime by increasing the chances of getting caught and by further obtaining the evidence required to convict these individuals. Further it would help monitor offenders behaviors and patterns. 18. CCTV cameras may help citizens be cautionary through its presence. For example, research indicates that individuals are likely to be hesitant of committing a crimes commonly happening, such as shop-lifting when they are made aware that all their behaviors and actions are being monitored. Sri Lankan banks and money handling agencies use CCTV to help reduce bank robberies. If a robbery does take place, with its information security personals can activate their contingency plans in preventing robbery is been succeed and even filing so CCTV can then be used to gather evidence. 19. There are five disadvantages in using CCTV, for example it is costly and it can be time consuming to go through the surveillance tapes once a crime has been committed. However, a good surveillance system may help cut down the number of crimes committed. Furthermore, CCTV cameras will help law agencies recognize, catch and convict individuals. It would also help further because, if an individual is caught on camera then there would be no argument as to what is being done. It would become extremely difficult for their layers to argue or make excuses for their behaviors when caught in the action. MOBILE POLICE VEHICLES 20. With the development of the communication, with in a matter of seconds, individuals can inform authorities about a crime, details relating to incidents, regarding a person or any other related issues through a phone. With the introduction of mobile police vehicle system use of that technological advantages have become very effective both for preventives and passive criminal counter actions. 21. It had been used in the past to combat terrorism, because of its rapid and effective accessibility. Same as that it will be effective provided with some improvements to the system. USE OF MEDIA 22. Media plays a vital role in counter criminal activities. We have experienced during the war against the LTTE how effectively it can be used. There were occasions when suspected persons photographs and details were flashed on the screen on televisions, almost immediately and sometimes within a day, the information reached the authorities through vigilant civilians. 23. With the use of media, the authorities could use the population of over 20 million citizens of Sri Lanka to help observe and then report if any criminal activities take place. As it is impossible for governing agencies to monitor everywhere due to the lack of man power and resources it will be an added advantage. Therefore media could be used to distribute current information to the public and authorities could then use information reported by the citizens. 24. As mentioned previously, when it comes to personal crimes from a cultural perspective individuals are less likely to inform authorities. Television programmes such as Thiththa Aththa and Gahaniya use the media to encourage individuals to report and discuss these sensitive issues. On the opposite side of things, the same information that is used to help understand the circumstances of an incident, then it can be used by a criminal to cover his or her tracks. DIFFICULTIES FACED IN USE OF TECHNOLOGY ECONOMY 25. According to recent data, Britain is monitored by 4 million Close Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras making them the most watched nation in the world. British governing body insists that the use of CCTV cameras should be viewed as being beneficial and protective. Sri Lanka does require a large amount of CCTV systems if it is to cover the required places effectively in entire country. 26. A very basic camera system may cost about Rs. 100,000. As it is very expensive, it prevents Sri Lanka from using the required number of CCTV cameras. This same cost factor affects the use of other effective technologies such as use of DNA or Bio metric technology. LACK WITH KNOWLEDGE, EXPERTISE AND SKILL PERSONAL 27. Lack of skilled personals and professional knowledge has become another limiting factor in use of modern technology. Sri Lankan education system does not recognise the importance of technology in combating crime with the use of Bio metric technology. 28. There is a huge brain-drain as most educated individuals in this area of expertise are likely to leave Sri Lanka for lack of employment. For example, even if these individuals have the knowledge, as Sri Lanka lacks the infrastructure, required equipment as well as the technology to maintain the level required to have a functioning Bio metric system. This then compels Sri Lanka to depend mainly on foreign technology and expertise. KNOWLEDGE LAPSES AMONG THE CITIZENS 29. Sri Lanka is still a developing country. The ageing populations as well as the citizens in the rural areas in Sri Lanka are not aware of the available technology. For example, our grandparents would not be comfortable using a mobile phone. Even though the younger generation is aware of the benefits computers offer, in comparison to India, Sri Lankas IT literacy rate is comparatively low. 30. Another complication arises in trying to introduce National Identity cards with the thumb print. Even if this technology was introduced, citizens need to be made aware of the basic functions and the methods to use them. LACKS IN INFRASTRUCTURES FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT 31. Infrastructure requirement for sensitive scientific subject like bio metric or commonly known as DNA are not available in the island, for that matter we are totally depended on other countries. This is leading to have more issues with time factor, economic factor and therefore tendency of using these technologies will always with some limitations. 32. Not only the infrastructure, more importantly we do not even have the required equipments. For example we are in a process of introducing an identity card with finger print and with many other details. But to achieve the purpose those authority that are going to check the identity on the ground must be equipped with required mechanism to use the technology. If not having all required data, if those authorities happened to go with manual identification the entire purpose cannot be achieved. TRAINING ISSUE 33. As discussed above, the level of IT literacy is relatively low in Sri Lanka. It would be extremely expensive to train individuals from the beginning and it would also be very time consuming. 34. Training would only be beneficial if the individual chosen is able to understand and remember what is expected of them. However, at the moment it is important to recognize individuals with some basic knowledge and interest in computers. This will help eliminate individuals unsuitable for the training programs. SUMMARY 35. As same as any other field influence of the technology is a factor which is unavoidable for both crime and counter criminal activities. It is well understood that it is better to prevent a crime than to punish the individual for a crime once it has affected more parties. But the available technology that, which we are equipped with is been basically used for post criminal activities. However as at today there is urgency in use of technology for preventive mashers too. Because we are with enough details on that, certain individuals in society are more prone follow and maintain a criminal career. Furthermore, there appears seems to be with an obvious pattern among the individuals who have been jailed for committing serious crimes. 36. Fingerprint technology, DNA or bio metric technology, Circuit Television or more commonly known as CCTV and mobile police vehicle system are used in Sri Lanka in counter criminal activities with many difficulties. Media also plays a vital role in counter criminal activities and again it is a double edged weapon which plays negative role too. 37. Sri Lanka is a developing nation who has many difficulties in case of economy. There for the cost factor is being recognized as the main barrier in using technology against crime. Lack of skilled personals and professional knowledge, lack the infrastructure, lack equipment as well as the technology, training issues are the other difficulties faced by the authorities. 38. Having being identified the areas where, more attention of the authority is highly essential now we have to up lift the awareness of the society to get the proper use of technology in order to achieve our ultimate aim by maintaining countries low and order. RECOMMENDATIONS 39. Sri Lanka is a developing nation. Therefore, we only have access to limited resources. Hence, it becomes important to identify the requirements to prevent crime. It is true that justice cannot be determined by Rupees and cents, however, any changes to the system must be considered with concern for its cost effectiveness. For example, even if certain technologies have been used successfully in Western Countries, it does not necessarily mean that the same technology would be appropriate to use in Sri Lanka. 40. As average citizens may not be aware of the technology available, it may help to have a national wide education programme through the use of media and many other means. This has to be done before introducing any technology which may lead to confusion among the citizens. 41. At the school level children are to be taught about technology and the benefits of computers as we need to train the next generation. In turn this knowledge of the children can be used to educate their families on the same aspect. 42. Sri Lanka needs to enhance its databases. It would be beneficial to recognize and train individuals in computing skills. These individuals could then be used to help collect the most relevant data and help store them accurately for future references. 43. On the other hand the governing body needs an eliminating programme to recognize potential individual that would be of value to them in the future after the training is completed. It is important to realize that as we lack the skill levels and the resources to train these individuals, the governing agencies to need help from foreign countries. The initial cost would expensive but in the long run it would benefit Sri Lanka 44. New technology that such as CCTV is likely to become an essential tool when controlling criminals and their behaviors in time to come. However, it is important that law agencies do not only rely on CCTV cameras to attain this goal. For example, if the police force is aware that a certain area has CCTV cameras installed, they are less likely to frequent that particular area. If an individual gets assaulted in an area that has CCTV, the police may not be able to get to that area in time to help the victim. It is true that, the police could use the video to help catch the criminal after the crime has been committed but unfortunately, this may be of little consolidation for the already victimized individual. 45. If we were to increase the number of patrol cars used, we should focus on the crime-ridden areas. This would help maximize the man power and resources used. It may also help if the patrol cars have access to a cellular phone. These vehicles are to be equipped with GPS to gain more advance passion over counter parties. This way, if a crime is reported, the dispatch centre would then be able to direct the closest patrol car to the area. 46. In response to personal crimes such as rape and domestic assault, media could be used to reach out the average citizens still living in the rural areas. It might help to encourage the younger generations to reach out to their elders regarding this matter. If people are made aware that these issues could be resolved with help, more victims may come forward without worrying about being made ridiculed by their peers. It may also help to start these educational policies at school levels and encourage children to speak to their parents and relations. This may then promote gender and social equality in Sri Lanka.

Bioterrorism and Plague Essay -- Biological Terrorism Terrorist Homela

Bioterrorism and Plague Plague, also known as Yesirnia pestis, has wreaked havoc since the first documented outbreak in the 6th century, along with changing the course of history. Although bubonic plague is the most common form of plague, pneumonic plague is the more fatal form of the bacteria. It is the only form that has been successfully aerosolized by man and has the potential of taking down a mass of people in days. If used as a bioweapon, it would cause major damage. This paper is designed to inform you of the history, the facts, and the precautions needed to prevent a bioterrorist attack. In 1970, The World Health Organization estimated that 50 kg, or 110 lb, of Y. pestis sprayed over a city would infect 150,000 individuals and kill about 40,000 (Grey, p.218). Throughout history, there have been plague epidemics that have killed thousands of people. From the Athenian plague starting in 430 B.C. to the famous Black Death in 1346, people from all over the world have been caught in chaos with insufficient treatments and no reliable way of preventing this horrible disease from spreading. Today, vast medical advancements have yielded successful treatments for the plague, but people are still highly susceptible to widespread disaster if a bioterrorist attack does manage to occur. In 430-26 B.C. during the Peloponnesian War, which was fought between Sparta and Athens, overcrowded conditions in the cities allowed plague to spread quickly. It claimed tens of thousands of victims including Pericles, the former leader of Athens. We know of this outbreak because of the last remaining source: Thucydides in his History of the Peloponnesian War (Smith, p. 1). Having been through the plague himself, Thucydides described the symptoms w... ...5. Arizona Dept. of Health Services. 8 July 2005 â€Å"FAQ About Plague.† 2005 CDC. 5 April 2005. www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/faq.asp Med TV. â€Å"Bubonic Plague Symptoms.† 2006. MED TV. 11 Oct. 2006. www.plague.emedtv.com/bubonic-plague-symptoms.html Henderson, Donald; Inglesby, Thomas and O’Toole, Tara. Bioterrorism. Chicago: American Medical Association, 2002. Inglesby, Thomas and Dennis, Davis. â€Å"Plague as a Biological Weapon.† Medical and Public Health Management. 2000. JAMA. 3 May 2000. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/283/17/228/ â€Å"Natural History.† Plague. 2005. CDC. 30 March 2005. http://cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/plague/history.htm#100 Mayoclinic. â€Å"Plague.† Health Library. 1998-2008. Mayo Clinic. 1 Sept. 2006. www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/DS/OQ493.html Grey, Michael and Spaeth, Kenneth. â€Å"Plague.† The Bioterrorism Sourcebook. The McGraw-Hill Companies: US. 2006.

A Study of Brand Strategy for Supermarket Industry in Hong Kong

In the growing FMCG market of Hong Kong, the concept of brand strategy for supermarkets is the most vital variable of interest to retailers. This research makes an in-depth analysis of the dimensional aspects of brand strategy for supermarket industry with additional focus on the store image which is the antecedent for store loyalty.The research extends to examining the efforts of the supermarkets in Hong Kong to assess the effectiveness of such efforts in building a brand strategy for an effective store loyalty towards their stores.The research proposes to achieve the objectives of assessing the effectiveness of the efforts of the supermarkets in building a brand strategy by a review of the available literature on the topic of study and also by conducting a social research by employing recognized research methods to present a comprehensive and analytical report on the findings of the research.The study proposes to use qualitative methods for the collection of secondary data and info rmation including a collection of a wide range of resources for a review of the literature on the topic of the study. Quantitative method in the form on an ‘Online Survey’ of the customers of supermarkets by using a well constructed questionnaire to collect their opinions on the effectiveness of the efforts of the supermarkets in building a brand strategy in the supermarket industry in Hong Kong.The study will consider various attributes that promotes the brand strategy towards the supermarkets in Hong Kong.It will be astounding for the people who visit the Asian Cities like Hong Kong, Singapore and Bangkok for the first time to witness the role, shopping plays in the culture of the local people in this region.Retail therapy can be considered to be a conspicuous national pastime of these regions. With the growing wealth in Asia and with the enhancement in the disposable income of the people in the continent, there are every chances that consumer based firms will emerge as the strongest sector in the coming periods.Under the Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) there had been a higher influx of tourists from China which has resulted in a growth of 9.7 percent higher sales in the departmental stores as of September 2006 on a year-on-year comparison.According to a survey conducted by ACNielsen the market research firm, on 22000 global consumers, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Indonesia were included in the top 10 markets in the consumer confidence. (ACNielsen Global Consumer Confidence Report, Jan 2006)With the increased consumer activities in the retail sales it becomes important for the supermarkets to assess the shopping habits of the consumers and adjust their marketing strategies to maximize the sales growth and revenue. This is especially necessary in a large consumer market like Hong Kong.The effectiveness of the actions from the supermarkets on improving the stores loyalty, though depends largely on the consumer buying habits there are seve ral other factors that determine the store loyalty like, proximity of location of the stores, brand awareness, quality of the products, pricing and promotional offers and other consumer habits.Being a highly sensitive issue getting the store loyalty of the consumers is a tough task for the supermarkets as switching to alternative stores by the customers costs nothing to them and is also less cumbersome. This poses a great challenge to the supermarkets. In this context this research makes a detailed study into the effectiveness of the efforts of the supermarkets in building a brand strategy for establishing store loyalty among the consumers. Â  

Black Segregation Movements

Black Segregation Movements Free Online Research Papers Black segregation movements had a positive impact on the world. The black community was forced to suffer through acts of violence and hate due to the belief that race accounts for differences in human character. Restaurants, bus stops, and companies throughout the southern United States of America practiced total seclusion of races. The whites looked at the segregation as a way of life, while the blacks felt the need for a dramatic change. The black community demanded equality and respect by organizing black segregation movements which halted the suffrage. Black segregation movements imposed a positive impact on the world through bus boycotts, â€Å"sit-ins†, marches, and civil rights groups, which ended discrimination problems in the United States. To begin, blacks had to overcome difficult challenges to be rid the beliefs behind racism. The white community in the south had the idea that blacks were inferior and uneducated, which caused racism in every public place. The blacks were unable to vote or take any political position in America. Also, black men were forced to step aside to let a white man and were prohibited to look at a white woman. If a white child played with a black child, the parents would whip him until he understood that blacks were not good people. The country made education for blacks difficult to obtain by keeping schools open for only 3 hours daily during crop times. Black segregation was a way of life that people accepted as a normal occurrence. The black children believed that whites were better and often wished they were born into white families. Both children and adults were often offensively referred to as â€Å"niggers† or â€Å"colored.† Thus, black life was extremely difficult in times of segregation. The most integrated public place provided an excellent start to end segregation towards the black community. The southern buses were completely segregated, yet the most popular place to find a combination of both blacks and whites. The blacks paid the same amount of money as a white at the front of the bus, but were ordered to get off and re-enter through the back. At the front of the bus, seats were reserved for whites, while the blacks were forced to move to the back. If the bus was full, and no seats remained for a white person, a black was ordered to get up from his seat and walk to his destination. The blacks became frustrated by the acts of hate, and realized the need for change. On December 1, 1955, an elderly black woman named Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man. Parks was arrested, yet left a lasting impression on the United States. To show the country the hate needed to stop, the black people organized several bus boycotts. Before the boycotts, forty thous and black people rode the buses, while only twelve thousand whites were found on the popular way of transportation. As the bus incomes began to plummet, the country realized an agreement was necessary. The politicians offered a first-come-first-serve policy, and the blacks accepted. The bus boycotts were important to the end of segregation because the whites began to realize that the black people were a part of the community, and they help the country to grow. The boycotts also shook up the whites, and led them to believe that the blacks were educated and able to come up with intelligent ideas. Also, these boycotts helped the blacks to feel that they could end segregation if they put their mind to it. The people began to realize that segregation only happened if they allowed it to. Therefore, bus boycotts helped stop segregation in the Southern United States. Next, to end segregation, four college students began to â€Å"sit-in† at college counters, despite the â€Å"whites only† signs. Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, Ezell Blair, and Davis Richmond became furious when they were constantly told they were not allowed to sit at a popular food counter. The four students decided they would participate in the local scene, just like any white could do. The undergraduates â€Å"sat-in† at the counter, even when ordered to leave. However, the men did not move, for they were tired of being mistreated. The students were arrested, but later freed. The community was shocked at the bravery of the men, and began to take after them. Soon, many blacks, and few whites who joined them, were sitting at the â€Å"white only† counters. In the attempt to end the discrimination, the blacks had to suffer through terrible conditions. The whites poured food and itching powder on their heads, shouted hurtful words at the blacks, and shov ed them out of the food joints. However, the difficult times of pain and sadness brought times of joy and relief to the black community. The blacks performed a cycle where they â€Å"sat-in†, went to jail, got out, sat again, marched, picketed, went to jail, and got out. The endless cycle proved that they could not be stopped, and that the segregation could be ended. The â€Å"sit-ins† gave other black people the strength to protest that they did not have before because they realized it was beginning to become effective. The â€Å"sit-ins† also showed the white community that they can not stop the blacks from trying to protest against the hate. As a result, discrimination was beginning to be defeated. In order to demolish segregation, the black community organized several marches to show the world that discrimination needed to end immediately. Adults asked children to march in order to show the world that the offspring were suffering too. The children marched from the church in Birmingham, signing songs about freedom to support their parents who were attempting to end the hate. Police halted them, putting 959 children into the jails. The children were released, and attempted to march the following day. However, while marching, firemen sprayed the young black children with 100 pounds of pressure per square inch. The hoses slammed the young crowd into parked cars, buildings, and sidewalk curbs. Also, Selma became the center for a major civil protest and focus of national attention. The black community organized a march to Selma, where they could register to vote. They organized â€Å"Freedom Day† in Selma, where two hundred and fifty blacks waited outside of the County Courth ouse with signs at eleven o’clock in the morning. The local officials took the signs away from the protestors and snapped photographs of each black, hoping the photos would result in job losses. The marches helped aid to the end of the hate. The several marches allowed the entire community to participate in the act to end segregation. Also, the marches led the community to register to vote, which gave the blacks more freedom then ever. Hence, as the black community organized marches, segregation began to deteriorate. The black community created civil rights groups in order to organize black segregation movements. For example, the SNCC was one group that worked to better the community. The group walked with high school and college students, visited churches, met with the young and the old, and looked for national leaders. Also, the popular group promised to better the community by getting black neighborhood streets paved, trashed picked up, and the group forced the government to give more money to schools in order to better education. The groups often tested new laws to make sure that they were truly being enforced to enable equality between the races. Another popular group that fought segregation was the NAACP. The assembly forced improvements in black schools by fighting for more money and better conditions. Also, the group realized that the white teachers had fewer students to teach yet made a better income than the black teachers. The organization ordered that black and white teachers must be hired for their skills instead of the color of their skin. Both civil rights groups imposed a positive effect on the strive towards freedom. The groups were often in charge of organizing black segregation movements such as bus boycotts, marches, and â€Å"sit-ins.† Also, the groups bettered education for the black children by requesting more money for black schools. Lastly, both groups promoted better job availability for blacks, and less violence in the communities. Therefore, black segregation was ended with the help important civil rights groups. In conclusion, black segregation movements portrayed a positive image of the black community in the world. Black segregation movements imposed a positive impact onto the world through bus boycotts, â€Å"sit-ins†, marches, and civil rights groups, which ended discrimination problems in the United States. The blacks came together to find ways to put an end to the segregation that was apparent in the country. Thus, the segregation movements helped blacks to regain strength and the country to maintain order and equality. Research Papers on Black Segregation MovementsWhere Wild and West MeetComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Hockey GameHip-Hop is ArtCapital PunishmentThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and Canada